Native Americans in the United States have historically experienced extreme difficulty with the use of alcohol . Problems persist among Native Americans; 12% of deaths among Native Americans and indigenous Alaskans are associated with alcohol. Alcohol use varies by age, sex and ethnicity with women, and older women in particular, least likely to be regular drinkers. Native Americans, especially women, are more likely to abstain from alcohol than the general US population. Frequency of use among Native Americans is generally less than the general population, but the quantity consumed when consumed is generally greater.
A death certificate survey over a four-year period showed that deaths among Native Americans due to alcohol are about four times more common than the general US population and often due to traffic collisions and liver diseases with murder, suicide, and falls as well. contribute. Alcoholic deaths among Native Americans are more common among men and among the Lowland Indians. Alaskan Natives show the smallest incidence of death. Alcohol abuse by Native Americans has been shown to be associated with disease progression, including sprains and muscle strains, hearing and vision problems, kidney and bladder problems, head injury, pneumonia, tuberculosis, dental problems, liver problems, and pancreatitis. In some tribes, the rate of fetal alcohol spectrum disturbances is as high as 1.5 to 2.5 per 1000 live births, more than seven times the national average, while among Alaska natives, the fetal alcohol spectrum disorder rate is 5.6 per 1,000 births life.
Native American youth are far more likely to experiment with alcohol than any other teenager with 80% alcohol consumption reported. Low self esteem is considered as one of the causes. Active efforts are being made to build self-esteem among youth and to combat alcoholism among Native Americans.
Video Alcohol and Native Americans
Histori
Precolonial
Prior to contact with the colony, alcohol use and production were mainly concentrated in the southwest United States. Some tribes produce weak beer, wine, and other fermented drinks, but they have low alcohol concentrations (8% -14%) and are only used for ceremonial purposes. The distillation technique necessary to make strong and strong forms of alcohol is unknown. It has been well documented that Native American Mexicans prepare more than forty different alcoholic beverages from various plant substances, such as honey, palm sugar, wild plums, and pineapples. In the Southwest US, Papago, Piman, Apache, and Maricopa all use saguaro cactus to produce wine, sometimes called haren a pitahaya . Coahuiltecan in Texas combined mountain laurel with Agave plant to make alcoholic beverages, and Pueblos and Zunis are believed to have made fermented drinks from tongue, maguey, corn, prickly pear, pitahaya and even wine. To the east, the Creek of Georgia and Cherokee of the Carolinas use berries and other fruits to make alcoholic beverages, and in the Northeast, there is some evidence that Huron makes light beer made from corn. In addition, despite the fact that they have little or no farming, Aleut and Yuit from Alaska are believed to have made alcoholic beverages from fermented berries.
Colonialism
As Europeans began to make a large number of refined drinks and wines available to American Indians, the tribes had little time to adapt and develop social, legal, or moral guidelines to regulate alcohol use. Initial merchants build a large demand for alcohol by using it as a tool for trading, using it in exchange for highly sought after animal skins and other materials and resources. Traders also found that giving free alcohol to Native Americans during trading sessions made the possibility of trading higher. Extreme poisoning is common among the colonists, contrary to the inexperienced natives. Many historical records illustrate the most violent attacks among indigenous tribes during trading sessions and on other occasions, but at least because many accounts have similar behavior among colonial merchants, military personnel, and civilians. Such modeling was not limited to the early colonial era but continued when the land was colonized from east to west; trappers, miners, soldiers, and loggers famous for their heavy drinking sessions. Historically, therefore, may have sown seeds for the prevalence of alcohol abuse in North American indigenous populations. Initial demand, no regulation and strong impulse, may have led to excessive use of alcohol. It is then passed down from generation to generation, which has led to the high level of alcohol-related problems today.
Mesoamerican Influence
The use of alcohol came from Central America but quickly spread to Northern Mexico and from there to the Southwest of the United States. The majority of the original production and use of alcoholic beverages exist in the region. However, there is a surprising amount of accounts scattered from the intoxicating use of drinks throughout the United States before White contact. For the most part, the use of alcoholic beverages requires an agricultural base but not in all respects. The reason is mainly that alcoholic beverages are made from cultivated plants, but there are examples of liquor coming from wild plants. Aboriginal use in general does not involve excessive but controlled and supervised drunkenness is often used in highly ritual occasions. Furthermore, the report of the first American Indian encounter with alcoholic drinks did not describe reckless or non-side-by-side behavior.
Pattern
Instead of being crazy, most of the indigenous people initially responded to alcohol with dislike and suspicion. They consider drunkenness to "degrade the free" and question their motives that offer substance that is so offensive to the senses that it makes people foolish. Most of the Indigenous people who drank alcohol reportedly showed "extraordinary restraint while in their cups". Most drink alcohol only during social contact or trade with whites. Although drinking patterns since colonization have grown almost exponentially, since 1975, drinking patterns among Native Americans have remained constant. In most cases around the world, since 1975, Native Americans are found to be more common among other US citizens in places that serve Alcohol.
Fire Myth
After colonial contact, white drunkenness was interpreted by white people as an individual's bad behavior. Original drunks are interpreted in terms of racial inferiority. What emerges is a series of beliefs known as fire myths that misunderstand the history, nature, sources and potential solutions to the original alcohol problem. These myths state that the Indians:
- have a natural desire for alcohol, are sensitive to alcohol, to be aggressive when they are drunk, susceptible to alcoholism, and can not solve such problems themselves.
Scientific literature has denied many of these mythical claims by documenting the wide variability of alcohol problems in and within indigenous tribes and the very different responses that certain individuals have to alcohol against others. Another important way that scientific literature has refuted these myths is to identify that no current genetics or other biological anomalies make the Natives very vulnerable to alcoholism.
Maps Alcohol and Native Americans
Contributing factors
There is an old belief that dates from colonial times when it is thought that native people around the world are very vulnerable to addiction, but there is no evidence of this. It has been found that the incidence of alcohol abuse varies with gender, age, and culture and tribal history. While little detailed genetic research has been done, it has been shown that alcoholism tends to run in families with the possible involvement of differences in alcohol metabolism and the genotype of metabolic enzymes of alcohol. There is no evidence, however, that this genetic factor is more common in Native Americans than any other ethnic group. According to one 2013 review of academic literature on the subject, there is "a substantial genetic component in Native Americans" and that "the vast majority of Native Americans lack a protective variant seen in other populations." Many scientists have provided evidence of genetic components of alcoholism by models of biopsychosocial alcoholism, but current molecular genetic studies have not found a specific gene responsible for alcoholism among Native Americans, suggesting that the phenomenon may be due to the interaction of multiple genes and environmental factors.
The high concentrations of thiamine found in nuts may support the symptoms of alcoholism while corn preparation using "lime water" in the traditional preparation of tortillas can be folate free for human biological use. The practice of food agriculture in Mesoamerica differs from the preparation of North American native dietary diets. Due to differences in diet, the tequila effect on Native American Mesoamericans is associated with macrocytic anemia and alcohol caused by beriberi disease and may be less obvious than other whiskey or beverage ethanol effects in North American tribes that are not treated with corn with an alkaline solution before meals.
Binge drinking
The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, or NIAAA, defines drinking binge as a drinking pattern that brings blood alcohol (BAC) levels to 0.08 g/dL. This usually happens after 4 drinks for women and 5 drinks for men, in about 2 hours.
Anastasia M. Shkilnyk who conducted an observational study from Asubpeeschoseewagong First Nation of Northwestern Ontario in the late 1970s, when they demoralized Ontario Minamata disease, has observed that heavy American native drinkers may not be physiologically dependent on alcohol, but they abuse it by engaging in parties alcoholism, practices related to child neglect, violence, and impoverishment.
Researchers from the Institute of Psychiatry and Stanford School of Medicine described the following alcohol dependence stages:
- Desire: a strong need to drink
- Loss of control: can not stop drinking once the drink has started
- Physical dependence: has withdrawal symptoms, such as nausea, sweating, trembling, and anxiety after heavy drinking time
- Tolerance: need to drink large amounts of alcohol to become drunk
Indian youth become socialized into the culture of alcohol at an early age. This alcohol border testing pattern lasts until early adulthood. About 20 percent of Indian youth between grades 7 and 12 fall into this category. Other youth exhibit drinking experimental patterns through adolescence and this is noted as one of the largest identifiers of later liquor parties. Given the high rate of alcohol abuse and substance on ordering, researchers have seen higher levels of academic failure, delinquency, violent criminal behavior, suicide, and alcohol-related deaths among Indigenous youth, much larger than in the rest of the United States. population.
Disease and death
Compared with the US population in general, the American Indian population is much more vulnerable to alcoholism and related illness and death. According to IHS's account of alcohol-related illnesses, the death rate from alcohol is 5.6 times higher among Indians than among the US population at large. This figure is 7.1 times higher in 1980. Disproportionately more men are affected by alcohol-related conditions than women. The highest risk of alcohol-related deaths is between 45 and 64. Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis are 3.9 times more common in Indian populations than in the general US population. Fatal car accidents associated with alcohol are three times more prevalent. Alcohol proves to be a factor in 69% of all American Indian suicides. This number has grown since 1975.
Domestic violence
Over the past twenty years, there has been increasing recognition among health care professionals that domestic violence is a very common public health problem with a very bad impact on individuals, families and communities. Risk factors are characteristics that have a high correlation with the level of violence in the household. They include perpetrators and victims both under the age of 40, substance abuse, receiving public assistance, and perpetrators and/or victims witnessing domestic violence between their parents as a child. For victims of harassment, health care arrangements offer important opportunities for early identification and even prevention of primary abuse. The use of alcohol and drugs is associated with higher levels of domestic violence among Native Americans compared to many other demographics. More than two-thirds (68%) of victims of Native American and Alaskan American sexual violence attribute their assailants' actions to drink and/or take drugs before the offense Fetal_alcohol_syndrome_ (FAS) "> Fetal alcohol syndrome
Native Americans have one of the highest rates of fetal alcohol syndrome recorded. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, from 1981 to 1991, the prevalence of FAS in the overall US population per 10,000 births was 2.1. Among American Indians, that number is 31.0. Significant differences between FAS levels of US and American Indians have been linked to a lack of health care, high poverty rates, and a young average population. The average health care spending on Americans on Medicare is about $ 11,762 while the average expenditure on health care for Native Americans is $ 2,782. In a 2007 document, "Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder among Native Americans," the US Department of Health and Human Services reports that the prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome in Alaska is 1.5 per 1,000 live births but, among the American Indians and Native Alaskans, the rate is 5.6.
Alcohol and Substance abuse Program
Indian Health Services
The Alcohol and Substance Abuse Program (ASAP) is a program for Native American and Alaskan Natives to reduce incidence and prevalence of alcohol and substance abuse. These programs are managed in tribal communities, including emergency care and rehabilitation services, inpatient and outpatient care for individuals covered by the Indian Health Service. It addresses and treats alcoholism from the perspective of disease models.
Tribal Action Plan
The 1986 Alcohol and Alcohol Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act was updated to make it a requirement that the Office of Alcohol and Substance Abuse (OIASA) will work with federal agencies to assist the Native American community in developing the Tribe Action Plan (TAP). TAP coordinates the resources and funding necessary to help reduce alcohol levels and substance abuse among Native Americans.
Organization
- The American Indian Committee on Alcohol and Substance Abuse, by 2017, is over 4 decades old and is included in the 2 volume Encyclopedia of Current Indian American Problems, published in 2013.
- The focus of the Native American Health Center is the San Francisco Bay Area.
See also
- Methamphetamine and Native Americans
- Modern Native American social statistics
- Contemporary American Issues in the United States
- Peter Chartier
- Whiteclay, Nebraska
- New World Syndrome
- Native American health
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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