The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) is a 25-point questionnaire, based on the DSM-IV code for substance dependence criteria, to assess food addiction in individuals. The scale was released in 2009 by the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity at Yale University.
It was found that brain mechanisms in people with food addiction resemble those with substance dependence, such as drug addicts. Although there is currently no official "food addiction" diagnosis, YFAS is created to identify people who show symptoms of dependence on certain foods. The most famous foods identified by YFAS to cause food addiction are those that are high in fat and high in sugar. The self-reported standard tool was made by Yale researcher Ashley Gearhardt to determine people at high risk for food addiction, regardless of weight.
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The term food addiction remains a controversial topic. The concept of food addiction discusses the behavioral and neurophysiological changes of a person with certain foods very similar to findings found in people with substance dependence. The term became very popular in the second half of the twentieth century, spurred on by the "obesity epidemic". Previous research has shown that food addiction, similar to drug addiction, primarily performs their actions through dopamine and opiate pathways. Using Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) subjects regardless of body mass index (BMI), with high food addiction scores compared with those with lower scores, showed significant differences in brain activity. Furthermore, a study conducted by the Scripps Research Institute found that mice fed a high-fat diet are good for long periods of time, overly rejuvenating the brain reward system, similar to brain activity in drug addiction.
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YFAS Development
To address the need for standard tools to identify people with food addiction behavior, psychologist Ashley Gearhardt, along with colleagues William R. Corbin and Kelly D. Brownell, developed the Yale Food Addiction Scale while completing postgraduate research at Yale University as a psychology doctoral student clinical. Gearhardt and his colleagues formatted their questionnaire based on the content of the IV "Mental Disorders" Diagnostic and Statistical Guidelines for substance dependence and reviewed by experts in the areas of addiction, obesity, and eating pathology for revision.
Content
YFAS contains 25 self-reported questions in dichotomy and Likert-type formats. In the original scale, two items are included to determine the foods that trigger dependence. When filling out the questionnaire, the subject was asked to refer to the last 12 months of behavior. The questions are included in the seven specific substance dependency criteria as defined by DSM-IV, as well as clinically significant disorders. Seven criteria per instruction sheet for YFAS are:
- The substance is taken in an amount larger and longer than intended.
- Constant craving or repeated attempts to stop.
- Lots of time/activity to get, use, restore,
- Important social, work, or recreational activity is given or reduced.
- Use continues despite knowing any adverse consequences (eg, failure to fulfill role obligations, used when physically harmful).
- Tolerance (marked by an increase in the number of marked decreases in effects).
- Symptoms of withdrawal characteristics; substances taken to defuse withdrawal.
Food addiction is recognized when one meets at least three of the above criteria and symptom scores for clinically significant disturbances or distress. The German version is available and the French version is used in food addiction research that targets overweight and obese women.
Foods emphasize
The YFAS survey identifies certain foods that may trigger symptoms of dependence. These foods correlated with high-fat, high-sugar foods selected in previous food addiction studies; however, survey subjects were instructed to think of foods or food groups that caused the positive symptoms identified in the questionnaire. The following YFAS food list questionnaire:
- Candy like ice cream, chocolate, donuts, cookies, cookies, candy
- Starches like white bread, rolls, pasta, and rice
- Salty snacks such as chips, pretzels, and crackers
- Fatty foods like steak, bacon, hamburger, cheeseburger, pizza and fries
- Sweet drinks like soda pop
Modified scale
A short YFAS (mYFAS) consisting of only nine items is proposed in 2014 that has the same prevalence rate as the 25-item YFAS. To overcome the role of food play addiction in children, the original adult YFAS has been adjusted. Yale's Food Addiction Scale for Children (YFAS-C) includes more age-appropriate activities, lower reading levels, and a new assessment threshold.
Limitations
The incidence of positive scores for food addiction is higher in overweight and obese patients. However, further research is needed to determine the correlation of YFAS scores in terms of BMI. Previous research has shown mixed results mainly due to limited sample size, concurrent eating disorders, and lack of clinical control.
Five years after the development of YFAS, Gearhardt and Adrian Meule summarize their use in research studies and their limitations. Gearhardt and Meule conclude:
"Although, YFAS is not enough evidence that 'food addiction' exists, it provides a standard tool for identifying individuals most likely to experience an addictive response to food."
References
External links
- Yale Food Addiction Scale
- Instruction Sheet for Yale Food Addiction Scale
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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