Sherlock Holmes ( ) is a fictitious private detective created by the English writer Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Referring to himself as a "consulting detective" in the story, Holmes is known for his skill with observation, forensic science and logical bordering reasoning, which he uses when investigating cases for various clients, including Scotland Yard.
First appeared in print in 1887 (in A Study in Scarlet ), the popularity of the characters became widespread with the first series of short stories in The Strand Magazine, beginning with "A Scandal in Bohemia "in 1891; additional stories emerged from it until 1927, eventually totaling four novels and 56 short stories. All but one set in the Victorian or Edwardian era, between about 1880 and 1914. Mostly narrated by the character of Holmes's friend and biographer Dr. Watson, who usually accompanied Holmes during his investigation and often shared his place at the 221B Baker Street, London, where many stories began.
Though not the first fictitious detective, Sherlock Holmes is arguably the best known, with Guinness World Records citing him as the "most widely depicted film character" in history. The popularity and fame of Holmes is such that many believe he is not a fictional character but a real individual; many literary societies and enthusiasts have been established that ostensibly operate on this principle. Widely regarded as an icon of British culture, characters and stories have a profound and lasting effect on the writing of mysteries and popular culture as a whole, with original stories and thousands written by writers other than Conan Doyle adapted into radio stage and drama. , television, movies, video games, and other media for over a hundred years.
Video Sherlock Holmes
Inspiration for characters
Edgar Allan Poe C. Auguste Dupin is generally recognized as the first detective in fiction and serves as a prototype for many who were made later, including Holmes. Conan Doyle once wrote, "Every [detective story of Poe] is the root from which the entire literature has grown... Where's the detective story until Poe breathes life into it?" Similarly, the story of Gaboriau's Monsieur Lecoq is very popular when Conan Doyle started writing Holmes, and the words and behavior of Holmes sometimes follow Lecoq. Both Dupin and Lecoq are referenced at the beginning of A Study in Scarlet .
Conan Doyle repeatedly remarks that Holmes was inspired by the real-life figure of Joseph Bell, a surgeon at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, whom Conan Doyle met in 1877 and has worked as a clerk. Like Holmes, Bell is noted for drawing broad conclusions from minute observations. However, he later wrote to Conan Doyle: "You yourself Sherlock Holmes and you know it". Sir Henry Littlejohn, Chair of Medical Jurisprudence at Edinburgh University School of Medicine, is also cited as an inspiration for Holmes. Littlejohn, who is also a Surgeon and Medical Medical Officer in Edinburgh, provides Conan Doyle with a link between medical investigation and crime detection.
Other inspirations have been considered. One was regarded as Francis "Tanky" Smith, a policeman and master of the disguise who later became Leicester's first private detective. The other may be Maximilien Heller , by French writer Henry Cauvain. It is not known whether Conan Doyle reads Maximilien Heller, but in this 1871 novel (sixteen years before Sherlock Holmes's first adventure), Henry Cauvain imagines a depressed, anti-social, polymath, cat lover. , and opiate-based detective in Paris.
Maps Sherlock Holmes
Fictional character biography
Family and early life
Details about the life of Sherlock Holmes are rare in Conan Doyle's stories. However, mentioning his early life and his extended family painted a loose biography of detectives.
The approximate age of Holmes in "His Last Bow" put the year of his birth in 1854; The story, set in August 1914, describes him as a sixty-year-old. His parents were not mentioned in the story, although Holmes mentioned that his "ancestor" was a "bodyguard of the state". In "The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter", he claims that his grandmother is Vernet's sister, a French artist, without explaining further whether this is Claude Joseph, Carle, or Horace Vernet. Holmes's brother Mycroft, seven years older than him, was a government official appearing in "Greek Adventurers Adventures," "The Last Problem," and "Bruce-Partington Plan Adventure" and mentioned in "The Adventures of the Empty House." Mycroft has a unique civil service position as a kind of human database for all aspects of government policy. He has no interest in Sherlock in a physical investigation, but prefers spending his time at Diogenes Club.
Holmes says that he first developed his method of dedication as a scholar; his earliest case, which he pursued as an amateur, came from a fellow university student. A meeting with a classmate's father took him to adopt detection as a profession, and he spent several years after the university as a consultant before financial hardship led him to accept John H. Watson as a fellow lodger.
Both of them stay at 221B Baker Street, London, an apartment on the top (north) of the road, up seventeen steps.
Live with Watson
Holmes worked as a detective for twenty-three years, with doctor John Watson with him for seventeen years. They were roommates before Watson's 1887 marriage and again after the death of his wife. Their residence is run by their landlady, Ny. Hudson. Most of the stories are frame narratives, written from Watson's point of view as a summary of the most interesting cases of detectives. Holmes often mentions Watson's sensational and populist writings, showing that he failed to accurately and objectively report the "science" of his craft:
Detection is, or should be, an exact science and should be treated in the same cold and unemotional way. You have tried to tidy up ["A Study in Scarlet"] with romance, which produces many of the same effects as if you were working a love story... Some facts must be suppressed, or, at least, only a sense of proportion should be taken into account in treating them. The only point in the case worth mentioning is the strange analytical reason from effect to cause, with which I managed to unlock it.
However, Holmes's friendship with Watson is his most important relationship. When Watson was wounded by a bullet, although the wound was "quite shallow", Watson was moved by Holmes's reaction:
It was worth the cuts; it's a lot of cuts; to know the depth of loyalty and love that lies behind that cold mask. The clear, sharp eyes were dimmed for a moment, and the lips firmly trembled. For the one and only time I see a glimpse of a great heart and a great brain. All of my modest but only years of service culminated in that revelation.
Practice
Holmes was only known among the chosen professions at the beginning of the first story, but had already collaborated with Scotland Yard. However, his continuing work and the publication of Watson's story brought Holmes's profile, and he quickly became famous as a detective; so many clients are asking for help, not (or in addition) from the police, Watson writes, in 1895 Holmes had a "great practice". During his career, Holmes worked for the most powerful kings and European governments (including his own people), rich nobles and industrialists, and pawnshops and poor governors. Police outside London ask for Holmes help if he is nearby, even during the holidays. A Prime Minister and King of Bohemia visited 221B Baker Street to ask for Holmes's help; the French government gave him the Legion of Honor to settle a case; Holmes refused a knight "for a service that may one day be described"; King of Scandinavia is a client; and he helps the Vatican at least twice. Detectives acted on behalf of the British government on the issue of national security several times.
The Great Hiatus
The first batch of Holmes's story was published between 1887 and 1893. Wanting to devote more time to his historic novel, Conan Doyle killed Holmes in the last battle with criminal mastermind Professor James Moriarty in "The Final Problem" (published in 1893, but set in 1891). After rejecting public pressure for eight years, the author wrote The Hound of the Baskervilles (disseminated in 1901-02, with implicit settings before Holmes's death). In 1903, Conan Doyle wrote "An Empty House Adventure", set in 1894; Holmes reappeared, explaining to Watson that he was amazed that he had faked his death in the "Last Problem" to deceive his enemies. "Empty House Adventure" marks the beginning of the second set of stories, which Conan Doyle wrote up to 1927.
The Holmes fan refers to the period from 1891 to 1894 - between his departure and the supposed death in the "Last Problem" and his reappearance in "The Adventures of the Empty House" - as the Great Hiatus (though 1908 "The Adventure of Wisteria Lodge" is described to have occurred in 1892 because of an error in the Conan Doyle section). The earliest use of expression is in the article "Sherlock Holmes and Great Hiatus" by Edgar W. Smith, published in the July 1946 edition of The Baker Street Journal .
Retirement
In "His Last Bow", Holmes has retired to a small farm in Sussex Downs and takes the beekeeping as his main job. This move is not dated precisely, but can be predicted to precede 1904 (hence it is called retrospectively in "The Second Stain", first published that year). The story features Holmes and Watson coming out of retirement to help with the war effort. Only one other adventure, "The Lion's Lion Adventure" (narrated by Holmes), takes place during the detective's retirement.
Personality and custom
Watson describes Holmes as "bohemian" in his habits and lifestyle. Described by Watson at The Hound of the Baskervilles for having a "catlike" love for personal hygiene, Holmes is an eccentric without regard to the contemporary standards of neatness or good order. In many stories, Holmes dives into real chaos to find the items most relevant to a mystery. In "The Adventure of the Musgrave Ritual", Watson says:
Though in his method of thinking he was the most neat and methodical man... [he] kept a cigar in coal, tobacco at the foot of Persia's sandals, and his unanswered correspondence was fixed by the jack-knives into the middle of the wooden shelf. He cringed at the document... So the paper grew month by month, until every corner of the room was piled with a bundle of unbreakable manuscripts. , and which can not be stored by the owner.
The detective starved himself at a time of intense intellectual activity, such as during "The Adventure of the Norwood Builder" - where, according to Watson:
[Holmes] did not have breakfast for himself, for one of his privileges was that at more intense moments he would not allow food, and I had recognized him to assume his iron force until he passed out of pure inanisi.
Although the detective is usually impartial and cold, during the investigation he is alive and excited. He has a talent for showmanship, preparing an intricate trap to capture and expose the culprit (often to impress the observer). His colleagues understand the detective's desire to bend the truth (or break the law) on the client's behalf - lie to the police, hide evidence or break into homes - when he feels morally justifiable, but condemns Holmes's manipulation of innocent people. people in "The Adventures of Charles Augustus Milverton". Holmes gets pleasure from a confusing police inspector with his dedication and has the highest confidence - bordering on arrogance - in his intellectual abilities. While the detective is not actively seeking fame and is usually content to let the police take public credit for his work, Holmes is delighted when his skills are recognized and respond to praise.
Except for Watson, Holmes avoided ordinary companies; when Watson proposed visiting a friend's home to rest, Holmes only agreed upon knowing that "the stance is a bachelor, and that he will be allowed full freedom". In "The Gloria Scott's Adventure," she told the doctor that during her two years at college she only made one friend, Victor Trevor: "I have never been a very friendly friend, Watson, always moody in my room and working on my own method of thinking, so I never mixed with people from my year;... my course of study is quite different from other peers, so we have no point of contact at all ". This detective is similarly described by Stamford in A Study in Scarlet .
As a practice of firing during a period of boredom, Holmes graced the walls of his Baker Street inn with the "patriotic" VR Victoria Regina in his "bullet-pocks". gun. Holmes relaxed with music in "The Red-Headed League", taking night off from a case to listen to Pablo de Sarasate playing the violin. The enjoyment of vocal music, especially Wagner, is evident in the "Red Circle Adventure".
Drug use
Sometimes Holmes uses addictive drugs, especially if there are no stimulating cases. He uses cocaine, which is injected in a seven percent solution with a syringe stored in a Moroccan leather box. Although Holmes also struggles with morphine, he expresses strong disapproval when he visits the opium nest; both drugs were legal in England at the end of the 19th century. As a doctor, Watson strongly disagrees with his friend's cocaine habit, describes him as a "deputy" of the detective, and is concerned about its effect on Holmes's mental health and intelligence. In "The Lost Three Quarters of the Missing Quests", Watson says that although he has "weaned" Holmes from drugs, the detective remains an addict whose habit is "not dead but only sleeping."
Watson and Holmes both use tobacco, smoking, cigars, and pipes, and Holmes is an expert in identifying tobacco-ash residues. Although the author of his history does not consider the use of Holmes's habits of pipe (or more rarely using cigarettes and cigars) as a deputy, Watson - a doctor - sometimes criticizes detectives for creating "toxic atmospheres" of tobacco smoke in their limited rooms.
Financial
The detective is known to charge the client for his expenses and claim the prizes offered for problem solving, such as in "Spotted Band Adventure", "Red-Head League", and "Beril Coronet Adventure". In the "Thor Bridge Problem", the detective says, "My professional demands are on a fixed scale, I do not vary it except when I send [everything]." In this context, a client offers to double his costs, and it is implied that wealthy clients usually pay Holmes more than his standard cost. In Holmes's "The Adventure of the Priory School" rubs his hands with joy when the Duke of Holdernesse mentions his 6,000 fee, a surprising amount even Watson (at a time when the annual fee for a rising young professional is in the 500th field). However, in the "Peter Black Adventure", Watson notes that Holmes will refuse to help even the rich and powerful if their case does not appeal to him.
Although when the stories began, Holmes initially needed Watson to share the rent for their residence at 221B Baker Street, at the "Last Problem", he said that his services to the French government and the Scandinavian royal house had left him. with enough money to retire comfortably.
Attitudes toward women
As Conan Doyle wrote to Joseph Bell, "Holmes is as inhuman as Babbage's counting machine and almost in love". Holmes says in The Valley of Fear, "I am not a full admirer of the female soul," and in "Second Noda Adventure" finds "women's motives... incomprehensible.... How can you build on over the pumice sand? Their most trivial actions may mean volume... their most remarkable behavior may depend on hairpins or curly tongs ". In The Sign of the Four he said, "I will not tell them too much, Women are never fully trusted - not the best of them". Watson calls it an "automaton, a calculating machine," and the detective replied: "This is the first time not to let your judgment be biased by personal qualities.Clients to me are only the factors in the problem, the emotional quality is very much against the obvious I assure you that the most winning woman I have ever known was hanged for poisoning three small children for their insurance money.
At the end of The Sign of Four, Holmes stated that "love is emotional, and whatever is emotionally contrary to the true cold reason I place above all, I should never marry myself, do not let me judge my judgment. "
Watson said in the "Beech Copper Adventure" that the detective must "show no further interest in the client when he has ceased to be the center of one of his problems". In "The Lion's Mane", Holmes writes, "Women rarely become an attraction to me, because my brain always regulates my heart," indicating that she has been attracted to women on several occasions, but has not been interested in pursuing a relationship with them. Ultimately, however, in the "Devil's Foot Adventure", he claims that "I have never loved".
Despite his overall attitude, Holmes is adept at placing his clients easily, and Watson says that even though the detective has "hatred for women", he has "a very nice way with [them]". Watson noted in "The Dying Detective Adventure" that Mrs. Hudson liked Holmes because of his "extraordinary gentleness and courtesy in his dealings with women, he did not like and did not believe in sex, but he was always a polite opponent." In "The Adventures of Charles Augustus Milverton", the detective is easily set up to engage with fake pretenses to obtain information about a case, but also leave the woman once he has the information he needs.
Irene Adler
Irene Adler is a retired American opera singer and actress who appears in "A Scandal in Bohemia". Although this is his only appearance, he is one of the most prominent female characters in the stories: the only woman who ever challenged Holmes intellectually, and one of the few who ever defeated him in a battle of intelligence. For this reason, Adler is often the subject of pastiche writing. The beginning of the story illustrates the high point in which Holmes holds it:
For Sherlock Holmes he is always a lady . I rarely hear him mention his name by any other name. In his eyes he eclipsed and dominated his whole sex. Not because he felt the same emotion as love for Irene Adler... but there was only one woman for her, and the woman was a late Irene Adler, from dubious and doubtful memory.
Five years before the story, Adler had a brief relationship with Bohemian Prince Bohemian Wilhelm von Ormstein while he was the prima donna of the Warsaw Imperial Opera. When the story is open, the Prince is engaged to the daughter of the Scandinavian King. Afraid that, if her fiancé's family learned about this past imperfection, the marriage would be canceled, Ormstein hired Holmes to get back photos of Adler and herself. Adler escaped before Holmes succeeded, leaving only a picture of himself and a note to Holmes that he would not blackmail Ormstein.
His memory continues to live with the photo Adler Holmes receives for his part in this case. He refers to it from time to time in the next story.
Knowledge and skills
In the first novel, A Study in Scarlet , the background of Holmes is presented. At that time (generally assumed in 1881, though a definite date was not given), he was a chemistry student with a number of eccentric interests, almost all of which made him adept at solving crimes. Shortly after meeting Holmes, Watson assessed the detective's ability:
- Literary Knowledge - zero.
- Knowledge of Philosophy - zero.
- Knowledge of Astronomy - zero.
- Knowledge of Politics - Feeling weak.
- Knowledge of Botany - Variables. Both in belladonna, opium and poison in general. Not knowing anything about practical gardening.
- Knowledge of Geology - Practical, but limited. Telling glimpses of different lands with each other. After walking, I showed splashes on his trousers, and told me with their color and consistency in which part of London he had received.
- Chemical Knowledge - Deeply.
- Knowledge of Anatomy - Accurate, but not systematic.
- Knowledge of Sensational Literature - Extraordinaire. He seems to know every detail of every horror done in this century.
- Play the violin well.
- Is an expert singlestick player, boxer and swordsman.
- Have good practical knowledge of English law.
Arthur Conan Doyle, Sebuah Studies of Scarlet
The next story reveals that Watson's initial judgment was incomplete in place and inaccurate to others, due to the passage of time if nothing else. At the end of the study in Scarlet, Holmes showed Latin knowledge. Regardless of Holmes's ignorance of politics, in "A Scandal in Bohemia" he immediately recognizes the true identity of "Count von Kramm". His speech was peppered with references to the Bible, Shakespeare, and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and the detective quoted a letter from Gustave Flaubert to George Sand in the original French. At the end of "One Case of Identity", Holmes quotes Hafez. In The Hound of the Baskervilles, the detective acknowledges the work of Martin Knoller and Joshua Reynolds: "Forgive the admiration of a lovers .... Watson will not let that I know anything about art , but it's just jealousy because our view of it is different. "In" The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans ", Watson said that in November 1895," Holmes lost himself in the monograph he had done to Polyphonic Motets of Lassus ", is considered the" last word "on the subject. Holmes is also a cryptanalyst, telling Watson in "The Adventure of the Dancing Men": "I am quite familiar with all forms of secret writing, and I am the author of a trivial monograph on the subject, where I analyze a hundred and sixty separate ciphers".
In Holmes's study, Holmes claims to be unaware that the earth revolves around the sun because such information is irrelevant to his work; after hearing that fact from Watson, he said he will soon try to forget it. Detectives believe that the mind has a limited capacity for storing information, and learning things that are not useful reduces a person's ability to learn useful things. The next story moves away from this idea: in the second chapter of The Valley of Fear, he said, "All knowledge is useful to detectives," and near the end of Mane's "Maneuvers", detectives call themselves "omnivorous readers with strange retention memory for trivia ".
Holmes demonstrates psychological knowledge in "A Scandal in Bohemia", luring Irene Adler to betray where she hides a photo based on the premise that an unmarried woman will save her most precious possession of fire. Another example is in the "Blue Carbite Adventure", where Holmes gets information from a salesperson by betting: "When you see a man with a mustache of that piece and 'Pink' un 'protrudes from his pocket, you can always withdraw him at stake.... I dare say that if I had dropped 100 pounds in front of him, that person would not give me complete information as drawn from him by the idea that he did me on the bet ".
Maria Konnikova points out in an interview with D. J. Grothe that Holmes practiced what is now called mindfulness, concentrating on one thing at a time, and hardly ever "multitasking." He added that in this case he precedes science that shows how useful this is for the brain.
Holmesian Reduction
Holmes' primary intellectual detection method is abductive reasoning. The Holmesian reduction consists primarily of observational observations, such as his research on cigar ash. "From a drop of water," he wrote, "a logician can deduce the possibility of Atlantic or Niagara without ever seeing or hearing one or the other".
In "A Scandal in Bohemia", Holmes concludes that Watson has been wet these days and has the "most awkward and careless waitresses". When Watson asked how Holmes knew this, the detective replied:
It is simplicity itself... my eyes tell me that inside the inside of your left shoe, exactly where the bonfire hit, the skin is judged by six parallel pieces. Obviously they are caused by someone who has haphazardly scraped the edge of his palm to remove the crusty mud from there. Therefore, you see, my double deduction that you have come out in bad weather, and that you have a particularly vicious London slavey specimen.
In the first Holmes story, A Study in Scarlet , Dr. Watson compared Holmes to C. Auguste Dupin, Edgar Allan Poe's fictional detective, who used a similar methodology. To this Holmes replies: "In my opinion, Dupin is a very low man... He has some analytical genius, no doubt, but he does not mean phenomena as Poe seems to imagine". Alluding to an episode on "The Murders in the Rue Morgue", where Dupin summed up what his friends were thinking even though they walked together in a quarter-hour silence, Holmes commented: "The trick is that he broke into the mind of his friend with a very, really very flashy and superficial ". However, Holmes then did the same 'trick' in Watson in "Carton Box Adventure".
The deductive reason allowed Holmes to study the work of foreigners, such as retired Marine Sergeant at A Study in Scarlet ; pawnshop-pawnshops in "The Red-Headed League", and billiard-marker and non-commissioner artillery retiree in "The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter". By studying inanimate objects, he makes inferences about the owner (Watson's pocket watch on The Sign of the Four and hats, pipes, and sticks in other stories). The principle of the detective guide, as he says in the Four Signs, and elsewhere in the story, is: "When you have removed the impossible, whatever is left, however unlikely, must be the truth."
Conan Doyle did not paint Holmes as false (this being the central theme of "Yellow Face Adventures").
Disguise
Holmes displays a strong talent for acting and disguise. In some stories ("The Adventures of Charles Augustus Milverton", "The Man with the Twisted Lip", "The Adventure of the Empty House" and "A Scandal in Bohemia"), to gather incognito evidence he uses disguises so as to ensure that Watson fails recognize it. On the other ("Dying Detective Adventure" and, again, "Scandal in Bohemia"), Holmes pretends to be injured or sick to incriminate the guilty. In the last story, Watson says, "The stage lost a good actor... when [Holmes] became a specialist in crime".
Agent
Until Watson's arrival at Baker Street Holmes mostly worked alone, only occasionally employing agents from the lower classes of the city; these agents included a number of informants, such as Langdale Pike, "human reference books on all social scandal issues", and Shinwell Johnson, acting as "Holmes agent in the London underground criminal world...". The most famous of the Holmes agents is a group of street children he calls "Street Baker Irregulars". The Irregulars appear in three stories: A Study in Scarlet Fight
Pistols
Holmes and Watson carry a gun with them - in the case of Watson, his old service weapon (probably a Mark III Adams gun, issued to British troops during the 1870s). In the story, the gun is used (or displayed) on several occasions. In "The Musgrave Ritual" Holmes is described as decorating his flat wall with the patriotic VR (Victoria Regina ) of the bullet hole. Holmes and Watson shot the eponymous hound at The Hound of the Baskervilles, and at the "Vacant House" Holmes Colonel Sebastian Moran's whip. In "The Adventures of Solitary Riders", "The Adventures of Peter Black", and "Dancing Men's Adventure", Holmes or Watson use pistols to catch criminals, and detectives use the Watson revolver to reconstruct crime in "Thor Bridge Problems".
Sticks and swords
As a man, Holmes often carried sticks or sticks. He is described by Watson as an expert on singlestick and uses his wand twice as a weapon. In A Study in Scarlet , Watson describes Holmes as an expert swordsman, and in "Gloria Scott's Adventure " fencing detective practice.
Riding a chunk
In some stories, Holmes carries a horse-riding crop, threatening to strike a fraudster with "A Case of Identity". With the "hunt", Holmes tapped the pistol from John Clay's hands in "The Red-Headed League". In "The Six Napoleons", he uses his plants (described as his favorite weapon) to break one of the plaster statues.
Boxing
Holmes was a skilled finger-knight; in The Sign of the Four, he introduced himself to McMurdo, a prize fighter, as "an amateur who fought three rounds with you in Alison's room on a night that benefited you four years ago." McMurdo remembers: "Ah, you are the one who has wasted your parcel, you have! You may have a high purpose if you join the fantasy." "The Gloria Scott Adventure " mentions that Holmes was trained as a boxer, and in "The Yellow Face", Watson said: "He is undoubtedly one of the best boxers of his weight I ever had seen".
The detective is sometimes involved in hand-to-hand combat with his opponents (in "Solitary Bicycle Adventures" and "Naval Adventure Agreements").
Martial arts
In "The Adventures of the Empty House", Holmes told Watson that he used martial arts to escape from Moriarty to his death at Reichenbach Falls: "I have knowledge... about the baritsu, or the Japanese wrestling system, which has more than once useful for me ". "Baritsu" is a bartitsu version of Conan Doyle, which combines jujitsu with boxing and a cane fence.
Physical strength
Detectives are depicted (or shown) as having above average physical strength. In "The Adventure of the Speckled Band", Dr. Roylott showed his strength by bending the fire poker in half. Watson describes Holmes with a laugh, "'I'm not too big, but if he stays, I may have shown him that my grip is not weaker than his.' As he talked he took a steel poker and, with a sudden effort, straightened it again. "In" The Yellow Face ", the Holmes chronicler says," Some men are able to make greater muscle effort. "
Influence
Forensic science
Although Holmes is well known for his reasoning abilities, his investigative techniques depend heavily on obtaining strong evidence. Many of the techniques he used in the stories were in their infancy (for example, the Scotland Yard fingerprint bureau opened in 1901).
The detective is highly skilled in the analysis of trace evidence and other physical evidence, including latent prints (such as footprints, nail prints, and footwear and tire tracks) to identify acts at the crime scene. <
Because of the small scale of evidence, detectives often use magnifying glasses at the scene and optical microscopes at its Baker Street inn. He used analytical chemistry for analysis of blood and toxicology residues to detect toxins; The Holmes chemical home laboratory is mentioned in "The Adventure of the Naval Treaty". Ballistic features in "Empty House Adventures" when the exhausted bullets are found and matched with suspected assassin weapons.
Holmes observes the clothes and attitudes of the clients and the suspects, noting the wear and tear of their clothing, skin signs (such as tattoos), contamination (such as ink stains or clay on shoes), their state of mind, and physical conditions to infer their origins and the latest history. He also applies this method to walking sticks (Heli of the Baskervilles) and hats ("Blue Carbuncle Adventures"), with details such as medals, wear and contamination that produce information about the owner. In 2002, the Royal Society of Chemistry awarded Holmes honorary scholarship for the use of forensic science and analytical chemistry in popular literature, making it (in 2017) the only respected fictitious character.
Detective story
Although Holmes is not a genuine fictional detective (he is influenced by Edgar Allan Poe C. Auguste Dupin and Gaboriau's ¼ million Monsieur Lecoq), his name has become synonymous with the role. Investigator detectives (such as Agatha Christie Hercule Poirot and Dorothy L. Sayers' Lord Peter Wimsey) became popular figures for a number of authors.
Legacy
"Basic, my dear Watson"
The phrase "Elementary, my dear Watson" was never uttered by Holmes in sixty stories written by Conan Doyle. He often observes that his conclusions are "basic", however, and sometimes call Watson "my dear Watson". One of the closest approximations of this phrase appears in the "Crooked Human Adventure" when Holmes describes deduction: " 'Excellent!' I'm crying, 'Basics,' he said. "
William Gillette is widely considered to derive phrases with formulations, "Oh, this is basic, my dear friend", allegedly in 1899 playing Sherlock Holmes . However, the script was revised many times over about three decades of revival and publication, and this phrase exists in several versions of the script, but not others.
The exact phrase, as well as similar variants, can be seen in newspaper articles and journals as early as 1909; there are some indications that it's a cliche even. The phrase "Elementary, my dear fellow, quite elementary" appears in the novel PG Wodehouse, Psmith in the City (1909-1910), and "Elementary, my dear Watson, elementary" in his novel 1915 < Psmith, Journalist (not spoken by Holmes). The exact phrase "Elementary, my dear Watson" was used by protagonist Tom Beresford in the 1922 Agatha Christie novel The Great Game
56 short stories of Conan Doyle and four novels known as "canon" by Holmes fans. Early canonical scholars include Ronald Knox in England and Christopher Morley in New York. Morley founded The Baker Street Irregulars - the first society to serve the Holmes canon - in 1934.
The Sherlockian Game (also known as the Holmesian game, Great Game, or just the Game) tries to solve the anomaly and explain details about Holmes and Watson from the canon. The Game, which treats Holmes and Watson as real people (and Conan Doyle as Watson's literary agent), combines history with story aspects to build biographies and other scientific analyzes of these aspects. Ronald Knox is credited with creating the Game.
One detail analyzed in the Game is the birth date of Holmes. The chronology of these stories is very difficult, with many stories that have no dates and many other stories containing contradictory stories. Morley and William Baring-Gould (author of Sherlock Holmes of Baker Street: A Life of First Consulting First Detective) argued that the detective was born on January 6, 1854, the year that came from the statement in his "Last Bow" that he was 60 year in 1914, while the exact day comes from widespread, non-canonical speculation. This is the working date of Baker Street Irregulars, with their annual dinner held every January. Laurie R. King also speculated about Holmes's birth date. He even held that the details in "Gloria Scott's Adventure" (a story without a proper internal date) indicate that Holmes completed his second (and last) university year in 1880 or 1885. If he started university at age 17, the year of his birth could be until the end of 1868.
Another topic of analysis is the university that Holmes attended. Dorothy L. Sayers suggests that, by giving details in two Adventures, the detective must study at Cambridge rather than Oxford: "from all Cambridge academies, Sidney Sussex (College) may offer a large number of advantages for a man in Holmes's position and, in the information standard more precisely, we might place it there ".
Holmes's emotional and mental health has long been the subject of analysis in the Game. At their first meeting, at A Study in Scarlet, the detective warned Watson that he got "at the dump at times" and did not open "his mouth for days". Leslie S. Klinger states that Holmes showed signs of bipolar disorder, with intense enthusiasm followed by indolent self-absorption. Other modern readers speculate that Holmes may have Asperger's Syndrome, based on his intense attention to detail, a lack of interest in interpersonal relationships, and a tendency to speak in monologues. John Radford (1999) speculates on Holmes's intelligence. Using Conan Doyle's story as data, he applied three methods to estimate intelligence of detective intelligence and concluded that his IQ was about 190. Snyder (2004) examined Holmes's method in the context of medieval criminology until the late nineteenth century.
Society
In 1934, the Sherlock Holmes Society (in London) and Baker Street Irregulars (in New York) were founded. Both are still active, though the Sherlock Holmes Society was dissolved in 1937 and revived in 1951. The London society is one of the many people in the world who organize visits to scenes of Holmes's adventures, such as the Reichenbach Falls in the Swiss Alps.
For the 1951 British Festival, Holmes' living space was reconstructed as part of the Sherlock Holmes exhibition, with a collection of original materials. After the festival, the merchandise was transferred to Sherlock Holmes (a London pub) and a collection of Conan Doyle kept in Lucens, Switzerland by the son of the writer, Adrian. Both exhibits, each with a reconstruction of Baker Street sitting room, are open to the public.
In 1990, the Sherlock Holmes Museum opened at Baker Street in London, followed the following year by a museum in Meiringen (near Reichenbach Falls) dedicated to detectives. Conan Doyle's private collection is a permanent exhibition at the Portsmouth City Museum, where writers live and work as doctors.
More awards
London Metropolitan Railway named one of 20 electric locomotives deployed in 1920 for Sherlock Holmes. He is the only respected fictional character, along with such eminent Englishmen as Lord Byron, Benjamin Disraeli, and Florence Nightingale.
A number of London roads are associated with Holmes. York Mews South, off Crawford Street, renamed Sherlock Mews, and Watson's Mews near Crawford Place.
Adaptations and derivative works
The popularity of Sherlock Holmes means that many writers other than Arthur Conan Doyle have created detective stories in different media, with varying degrees of loyalty to the original characters, stories, and backgrounds. According to Sherlock Holmes Alternative Sherlock Holmes: Pastiches, Parodies and Copies by Peter Ridgway Watt and Joseph Green, the first pastiche period known to date from 1893. Titled "The Late Sherlock Holmes", it comes from a close friend pen Conan Doyle, JM Barrie. A common pastiche approach is to create a new story that fully details the ongoing canonical reference (as set aside by Conan Doyle mentioning "giant Sumatran rats, a story not yet prepared for the world" in "The Adventure of Sussex Vampire"). Other adaptations have seen characters taken in different directions radically or placed in different times or even universes. For example, Holmes falls in love and marries in Laurie R. King Mary Russell's series, re-animated after his death to fight future crimes in the 22nd century Sherlock Holmes animation series, and is connected with setting up HP Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos in Neil Gaiman's "Studies in Emerald" (which won the 2004 Hugo Award for Best Short Stories). An influential pastiche is Nicholas Meyer The Seven-Per-Cent Solution, a 1974 New York Times best-selling novel in which Holmes's addiction to cocaine has progressed to the point of jeopardizing his career. The film was made into a film of the same name in 1976 and popularized the pastiche-writing tendency by incorporating clearly identified and contemporary historical figures (such as Oscar Wilde, Aleister Crowley, or Jack the Ripper) into stories that feature Holmes, something Conan Doyle himself never did.
Related posts and descriptions
In addition to the Holmes canon, Conan Doyle's 1898 "The Lost Special" displays an anonymous "amateur reasoning" intended to be identified as Holmes by his readers. The author's explanation of the confusing omission of arguing in the Holmesian style mocks his own creation. Conan Doyle's similar short stories are the beginning of "The Field Bazaar", "The Man with the Watches", and "How Watson Learned the Trick" 1924, a parody of the Watson-Holmes breakfast-table scene. The author wrote other material, especially the drama, which featured Holmes. Most of them appear in Sherlock Holmes: The Published Apocrypha , edited by Jack Tracy; The Last Adventure of Sherlock Holmes , edited by Peter Haining, and The Uncollected Sherlock Holmes , compiled by Richard Lancelyn Green.
In the case of authors other than Conan Doyle, such diverse authors as Anthony Burgess, Neil Gaiman, Dorothy B. Hughes, Stephen King, Lee Tanith, A. A. Milne, and P. G. Wodehouse have all written Sherlock Holmes pastiches. In particular, the famous American mystery writer John Dickson Carr collaborated with the son of Arthur Conan Doyle, Adrian Conan Doyle, of The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes, a collection of pastiche from 1954. In 2011, Anthony Horowitz published the Sherlock Holmes novel , Rumah Sutra , presented as a continuation of Conan Doyle's work and with the approval of Conan Doyle plantation. The sequel, Moriarty , was published in 2014.
Some authors have written stories that center on the characters of the canons other than Holmes. MJ Trow has written a series of seventeen books that use Inspector Lestrade as a central figure, beginning with the Inspire Lestrade Adventure in 1985. Irene Adler's series of Carole Nelson Douglas is based on the "woman" of "Scandal in Bohemia" , with his first book (1990's Good Night, Mr. Holmes ) retelling the story from Adler's point of view. Martin Davies has written three novels in which the housekeeper Baker Street Mrs. Hudson is the protagonist. Mycroft Holmes has been the subject of several attempts: Enter the Lion by Michael P. Hodel and Sean M. Wright (1979), four books by Quinn Fawcett and 2015 Mycroft , by former NBA star Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. John Gardner, Michael Kurland, and Kim Newman, among many others, have all the stories written in which the enemy of Holmes Professor Moriarty is the main character. The anthologies edited by Michael Kurland and George Mann are entirely devoted to stories narrated from the perspective of characters other than Holmes and Watson.
In 1980 Umberto Eco's central novel by Umberto Eco, William's central character touches The Hound of the Baskervilles, and his descriptions at the beginning of the book are a tribute to Dr.'s description. Watson about Sherlock Holmes when he first got acquainted in A Study in Scarlet .
Laurie R. King re-created Holmes in her Mary Russell series (starting with 1994's The Beekeeper's Apprentice), which was organized during the First World War and 1920's. His Holmes, semi-retired in Sussex, was tripped by a teenage American girl. Realizing the same spirit, he trained him as his disciple and later married her. In 2016, the series includes fourteen novels and novels tied to a book from King's Kate Martinelli series ( The Art of Detection ).
The Final Solution , 2004 novel by Michael Chabon, is concerned about an unnamed but retired detective interested in a bee ranch handling the missing parrot case of a Jewish refugee child. The Mitch Cullin's Novel A Few Mind Tricks (2005) occurred two years after the end of the Second World War, and explores the old and weak Sherlock Holmes (now 93) when it comes to reconciling a life spent in logic without emotion; this is also adapted into a movie, 2015 Holmes .
There are a number of scholarly works dealing with Sherlock Holmes, some working within the bounds of the Great Game, and some written with the understanding that Holmes is a fictitious character. In particular, there are three major annotated editions of the full series. The first is William Baring-Gould in 1967 The Sherlock Holmes Annotated . This two-volume collection is ordered to conform to the chronology chosen by Baring-Gould, and is written from the perspective of the Great Game. The second is 1993 The Oxford Sherlock Holmes (general editor: Owen Dudley Edwards), nine volumes written in direct scientific way. Most recently, Leslie Klinger The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes (2004-05), a set of three volumes that return to the perspective of the Great Game.
Adaptation in other media
Guinness World Records has incorporated Holmes as "the most portrayed film character", with more than 70 actors playing roles in over 200 films. His first screen appearance was on the 1900 Mutoscope film, Sherlock Holmes Baffled. This detective has appeared in many foreign language versions, including the Russian miniseries that aired in November 2013.
William Gillette's 1899 plays Sherlock Holmes, or The Strange Case of Miss Faulkner is the synthesis of Conan Doyle's four stories: "Scandal in Bohemia", "The Last Problem", "The Adventure of the Copper Trees", and A Study in Scarlet . In addition to its popularity, the game is important because, rather than the original story, introduces the main visual qualities commonly associated with Holmes today: the deerstalker hat and its calabash pipe. It also forms the basis for the 1916 Gillette movie, Sherlock Holmes . In his lifetime, Gillette appeared as Holmes about 1,300 times. In the early 1900s, H. A. Saintsbury took over the role of Gillette for a play tour. Between this drama and Conan Doyle's own stage adaptation of "The Adventure of the Speckled Band", Saintsbury portrays Holmes over 1,000 times.
Basil Rathbone played Holmes and Nigel Bruce played Watson in fourteen US films (two for 20th Century Fox and a dozen for Universal Pictures) from 1939 to 1946, and on the New Sherlock Holmes Adventure on Mutual radio networks from 1939 to 1946 (before the role of Holmes forwarded to Tom Conway). While the Fox movies are period pieces, Universal films leave the United Kingdom and move on to a later-contemporary arrangement where Holmes occasionally fights the Nazis.
The Italian/Japanese anime series 1984-85 Sherlock Hound adapts Holmes's story to children, with his character being an anthropomorphic dog. The series was directed by Hayao Miyazaki.
Between 1979 and 1986, Soviet television produced a series of five television movies, The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson . The series is divided into eleven episodes and starring Vasily Livanov as Holmes and Vitaly Solomin as Watson. Livanov was named Honorary Member of the British Order for performance ambassador Anthony Brenton described as "one of the best I have ever seen".
Jeremy Brett served as a detective in the seven series of Sherlock Holmes for Granada Television in the UK from 1984 to 1994. Watson was played by David Burke (in the first three series) and Edward Hardwicke (in the rest). Brett and Hardwicke also appeared on stage in 1988-1989 at The Secret of Sherlock Holmes, directed by Patrick Garland.
Bert Coules wrote The Next Adventure of Sherlock Holmes starring Clive Merrison as Holmes and Michael Williams/Andrew Sachs as Watson, based on direct references in short stories and novels Conan Doyle. He also produced the original scripts for this series, which were also published on CDs. Coules previously dramatized the entire Holmes canon for BBC Radio Four.
The 2009 film Sherlock Holmes earned Robert Downey Jr. a Golden Globe Award for his role as Holmes and co-starred Jude Law as Watson. Downey and Law return for the 2011 sequel, Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows . In May 2018 the release date of December 25, 2020 is set for the third movie in this series.
Benedict Cumberbatch played a modern version of the detective (with Martin Freeman as John Watson) on the TV series BBC One Sherlock , which aired on July 25, 2010. In this series, made by Mark Gatiss and Steven Moffat, the Victorian setting the original stories were replaced by the present London. Cumberbatch's Holmes uses modern technology (including texting and blogging) to help solve crimes. Similarly, on September 27, 2012, Elementary premiered on CBS. Located in contemporary New York, this series features Jonny Lee Miller as Sherlock Holmes and Lucy Liu as Dr. Joan Watson.
Movie 2015 Tuan. Holmes starred in Ian McKellen as retired Sherlock Holmes living in Sussex, in 1947, who wrestled with an unsolved case involving a beautiful woman. The film is based on the 2005 novel Mitch Cullin A Few Mind Tricks .
Holmes also appeared in a video game, including the Sherlock Holmes series of eight major titles. Detectives in the series are based on Jeremy Brett's portrayal, with an independent plot of Conan Doyle's stories.
Copyright issues
Copyrights for Conan Doyle's work ended in England and Canada in the late 1980s, revived in 1996 and ended again at the end of 2000. The authors' works are now in the public domain in these areas. All works published in the United States prior to 1923 are in the public domain; this includes all the Sherlock Holmes stories, except for some short stories collected in the Books-Case of Sherlock Holmes . Conan Doyle's heirs registered copyright to the The Case-Book in 1981 pursuant to the Copyright Act of 1976.
On February 14, 2013, Leslie S. Klinger (lawyer and editor of The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes) filed a declaration court suit against Conan Doyle plantation in the Northern District of Illinois asking the court to recognize that Holmes and Watson's character is public domain in the US The court ruled in favor of Klinger on December 23, and the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeal confirmed its decision on June 16, 2014. The case was filed with the US Supreme Court, which refused to hear his case, allowing the appeal court's appeal. This last step produces the character of the Holmes story, along with all but ten of the stories themselves (those in The Book of Books besides The Adventure of the Mazarin Stone and "The Problem of Thor Bridge"), is in the public domain in the US
Works
Novel
- Study at Scarlet (published November 1887 in Beeton's Christmas Annual )
- The Sign of the Four (published February 1890 in Lippincott Monthly Magazine )
- The Hound of the Baskervilles (serial 1901-1902 in The Strand )
- The Valley of Fear (serial 1914-1915 in The Strand )
Short story collection
Short stories, originally published in magazines, were then collected in five anthologies:
- Sherlock Holmes Adventure (story published 1891-1892 at The Strand )
- Sherlock Holmes Memoir (story published 1892-1893 in The Strand )
- The Return of Sherlock Holmes (story published 1903-1904 in The Strand )
- Last Busy: Some Later Memories of Sherlock Holmes (stories published 1908-1917)
- The Sherlock Holmes Case (story published 1921-1927)
See also
- A popular culture reference for Sherlock Holmes
- HOLMES 2 (police computer system)
- The inductive reason
- List of detectives, police and agents at Sherlock Holmes
- List of Holmesian studies
References
Further reading
External links
- "For the Heirs to Holmes, a Tangled Web" - New York Times article (January 18, 2010)
- "The Burden of Holmes" - a Wall Street Journal article
- The Sherlock Holmes Society of London (founded 1951)
- Find Sherlock Holmes at Stanford University
- Chess and Sherlock Holmes essays by Edward Winter,
- Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's audio book by Lit2Go from University of South Florida.
- Sherlock Holmes plaques on openplaques.org
- The Sherlock Holmes Collection at the University of Minnesota (special collections and rare books)
- Arthur Conan Doyle Collection at Toronto Public Library
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments