Amphetamine and methamphetamine are pharmaceutical drugs used to treat various conditions, along with recreational drugs, known daily as "speed." Amphetamine was first synthesized in 1887 in Germany by Romanian chemist Laz? R Edeleanu who called it phenylisopropylamine. Shortly after, methamphetamine was synthesized from ephedrine in 1893 by Japanese chemist Nagai Nagayoshi. Both drugs had pharmacological use until 1934, when Smith, Kline and France began selling amphetamines as inhalers under the Benzedrine trade name as decongestants.
During World War II, amphetamines and methamphetamine were used extensively by Allied forces and Poros for their stimulant effects and improved performance. Finally, as the addictive nature of the drugs became known, the government began putting strict controls on the sale of drugs. For example, during the early 1970s in the United States, amphetamines became controlled substance II under the Controlled Substance Act. Despite strict government control, both amphetamine and methamphetamine are still used legally or illegally by individuals from diverse backgrounds for different purposes.
Due to the large underground market for these drugs, they are often illegally synthesized by clandestine chemists, traded, and sold on the black market. Based on seizures of drug and drug precursors, the production of prohibited amphetamines and human trafficking is much less than methamphetamine.
Video History and culture of substituted amphetamines
Sejarah amfetamin dan metamfetamin
Amphetamine was first synthesized in 1887 in Germany by Romanian chemist Lazard Edeleanu, who called the drug phenylisopropylamine . This herb is one of a series of compounds associated with ephedrine plant derivatives, which have been isolated from the Ma-Huang plant (Ephedra) in the same year by Nagayoshi Nagai. Shortly after the first synthesis of amphetamine, Nagai synthesized methamphetamine from ephedrine in 1893. In 1919, methamphetamine hydrochloride, also known as crystal meth, was synthesized by pharmacologist Akira Ogata through the reduction of ephedrine using phosphorus and red iodine.. The sympathomimetic nature of amphetamine was not known until 1927, when pioneering psychopathologist Gordon Alles independently synthesized it and tested it himself while looking for an artificial substitute for ephedrine. At that time, Alles referred to the amphetamine compound as Benzedrine, a term derived from the name benzyl-methyl carbinamine . In 1934, Smith, Kline and French made the first amphetamine drug when they began selling decongestant inhalers containing a volatile amfetamine-free base under the Benzedrine trade name. One of the first attempts to use amphetamine in scientific research was conducted by M. Nathanson, a Los Angeles physician, in 1935. He studied the subjective effects of amphetamines on 55 hospital workers who were each given 20 mg of Benzedrine. The two most frequently reported effects of drugs are "sense of well-being and joy" and "reduce fatigue when reacting to work".
During World War II, amphetamines and methamphetamine were used extensively by Allied forces and Poros for their stimulant effects and improved performance. In the 1950s, there was an increase in the legal prescription of methamphetamine to the American public. Methamphetamine is half of the amphetamine salt for the original formulation for the diet drug Obetrol. Methamphetamine is also marketed for sinus inflammation or for non-medical purposes as "pill pills" or "bennies". The rapidly growing black market among long-distance truck drivers in the 1950s and 1960s, linked to the long driving times and intense competitive pressures within the industry, contributed to federal efforts in the late 1960s to reduce the use of non- medical substances.
Also in the 1950s, the Japanese Ministry of Health banned the production of stimulants, although drug companies continued to produce stimulants that ended in the black market. From 1951 to 1954, a series of measures were endorsed by the Japanese government to try to stop the production and sale of stimulants; However, the production and sale of stimulant drugs continues through a criminal syndicate such as the Yakuza criminal organization. On the street, it's also known as S, Shabu, and Speed, in addition to its old trademark name. The United States in the 1960s saw the commencement of significant use of the silently produced methamphetamine, most of which was produced by motorcycle gangs.
An important part of the 1960s mod subculture in Britain is the use of recreational amphetamines, which are used to brighten up dances throughout the night at clubs such as the Twisted Wheel of Manchester. The newspaper report describes dancers emerging from the club at 5 am with enlarged pupils. Mod uses drugs for stimulation and alertness, which they perceive as different from poisoning caused by alcohol and other drugs. Dr Andrew Wilson argues that for a significant minority, "amphetamines symbolize the image of smart, balls, and cool" and that they seek "non-poisoning stimulation [...] greater awareness, not escape" and "self-confidence and articulation" Instead of "the drunkenness of previous generations of drunks." Wilson argues that the significance of amphetamines to mod culture is similar to that of LSD and kanabis in the next hippie counterculture. Dick Hebdige argues that mod uses amphetamines to extend their free time to dawn and as a way to bridge the gap between the unfriendly and frightening daily work life and the "inner world" of dancing and dressing up in their lives. -hour.
After decades of reported abuse, in 1965, the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) banned Benzedrine suckers, and restricted amphetamines to prescription use, but non-medical use remained common. Amphetamines became controlled substance II in the US under the Controlled Substance Act in 1971. That same year, the United Nations enacted the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, and amphetamines became controlled substance II, a very strict category based on agreement. In the 1990s, about 180 states of signatory treaties and consequently, it became highly regulated in most countries. Beginning in the 1990s in the United States, the production of methamphetamine in individual home users for personal use became popular as well.
In 1997 and 1998, researchers at Texas A & amp; M University claims to have found amphetamine and methamphetamine in the foliage of two native Acacia species into Texas, A. berlandieri and A. rigidula . Previously, both of these compounds have been considered purely synthetic. These findings have never been duplicated and consequently the validity of the report has been questioned.
The use of historically replaced amphetamines is very common among Major League Baseball players and is commonly known as slang "greenies". In 2006, MLB banned the use of amphetamines. Prohibitions are enforced through periodic drug testing. However, MLB has received some criticism because the consequences for amphetamine use are dramatically less severe than for the use of anabolic steroids, with the first offense merely carrying warning and further testing.
Methamphetamine was previously used extensively by truck drivers to overcome somnolent symptoms and improve their concentration during driving, especially in the decades before signing by former president Ronald Reagan from Executive Order 12564, who initiated mandatory random testing for all truck drivers and industry-regulated employees Other DOT.
Up to a quarter of students use Adderall to help them focus on their studies rather than goals intended to help people with ADHD. This use sometimes continues after the student has graduated from college due to its addictive nature.
By 2015, amphetamines, especially Adderall, are increasingly being used by young white-collar workers who work long hours in demanding jobs. Many feel that drug use is needed to work adequately.
Military use
One of the earliest uses of amphetamine and methamphetamine was during World War II, when they were used by Axis and the Allied troops.
In early 1919, Akira Ogata synthesizes methamphetamine through the reduction of ephedrine using red and iodine phosphorus. Then, chemists Hauschild and Dobke from the German pharmaceutical company Temmler developed an easier method of converting ephedrine into methamphetamine. As a result, it is possible for Temmler to market it on a large scale as a nonprescription drug under the trade name Pervitin (methamphetamine hydrochloride). It was not until 1986 that Pervitin became a controlled substance, requiring specific recipes to be obtained. Pervitin is usually used by the German and Finnish military. Adolf Hitler is said to have started using amphetamines occasionally after 1937, and became addicted at the end of 1942; Albert Speer claims that the use of amphetamines has led to Hitler's increasingly uncertain behavior and inflexible decision making (eg, rarely allowing military retreats).
It is widely distributed in the ranks and divisions of the German military, ranging from elite troops to tank crews and aircraft personnel, with millions of tablets distributed throughout the war to stimulant effects that improve performance and to generate a longer awareness. Its use by the German Tank ( Panzer ) crew also causes it to be known as Panzerschokolade ("Tank-Chocolates"). It is also a colloquial language known among German Luftwaffe pilots as Stit Tabletten ("Stuka-Tablets") and Hermann-GÃÆ'¶ring-Pillen ("Herman-GÃÆ' ¶ring- Pills "). More than 35 million doses of Pervitin three milligrams were produced for the German army and air force between April and July 1940. From 1942 until his death in 1945, Adolf Hitler was given intravenous injection of methamphetamine by his personal physician, Theodor Morell. In Japan, methamphetamine is sold under the registered trademark of Philopon by Dainippon Pharmaceuticals (now Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma [DSP]) for civil and military use. It is estimated that one billion Phiporon pills were produced between 1939 and 1945. As in the rest of the world at the time, the side effects of methamphetamine were not well studied, and regulations were not considered necessary. In the 1940s and 1950s, the drug was widely given to Japanese industrial workers to improve their productivity. In Finland, Pervitin is a colloquially known as hÃÆ'¶ÃÆ'¶kipulveri ("pep powder"). Its use is basically limited to special forces, especially for remote command.
Amphetamine was given to Allied bomber pilots during World War II to support them by fighting fatigue and improving focus during long flights. During the Persian Gulf War, amphetamines became the drug of choice for American bomber pilots, used voluntarily by about half of the US Air Force pilots. The Tarnak Farm Incident, in which an American F-16 pilot killed some friendly Canadian soldiers on the ground, was blamed by pilots for the use of amphetamines. Unofficial US Air Force Assembly (UCMJ Article 15) rejected the pilot's claim.
Maps History and culture of substituted amphetamines
Society and culture
On television
AMC's Breaking Bad, a crime drama series revolving around large-scale illegal methamphetamine production, has been praised by critics and viewers alike for its realistic approach to international drug trafficking. It is also called "contemporary western" by the creator of the series Vince Gilligan.
In the literature
Writers and poets of Generation Beat use amphetamines widely, especially under the Benzedrine brand name. Jack Kerouac is a very diligent amphetamine user, which he says gives him the stamina needed to work on his novel for a long time.
In 1965, the author defeated Allen Ginsberg, a member of the hippie counterculture, who was very critical of substitute amphetamines, conducted an interview with Los Angeles Free Press where he commented that "The antisocial paranoid speed makes it drag... all the nice soft dope gets messed up by real Frankenstein speed-horror monsters that will steal and blur everyone roughly. " However, he also admitted that he had used the speed to stay up all night writing.
Amphetamines are often mentioned in the work of American journalist Hunter S. Thompson. Speed ​​not only arises between the supply of drugs Thompson consumes for what is widely defined as a recreational goal but also often accepting, explicitly mentioning as an important component of its writing toolkit, as in "Author's Notes" in Fear and Hate on Campaign Path '72.
One afternoon about three days ago [publisher] appeared at my door without warning, and loaded about forty kilos of inventory into the room: two squares of Mexican beer, four liters of gin, a dozen grapefruits, and enough speed to change the results of the Super six Bowl.... Meanwhile, [...] with the last chapter still not written and the pressure is scheduled to start rolling in 24 hours [...] unless someone immediately shows up at a very strong speed, there may not be being > last chapter. About four fingers of the Crank-hell king will do the trick, but I am not optimistic.
Scottish writer Irvine Welsh often describes the use of drugs in his novels, although in one of his journalism works he commented on how drugs (including amphetamines) have become part of consumerism and how his novels Trainspotting and Porn reflects changes in drug usage and culture during the years elapsed between the two texts.
In music
Northern subcultures and mod subcultures in England are known for their distinctive amphetamine use. Their concert generally involves people taking amphetamines to keep on dancing through the night. DJ Roger Eagle came out of the northern soul scene, saying: "All they want is a black dance music with a fast tempo... [but they] are too blocked on amphetamines to articulate exactly what Jackie Wilson notes they want me to play."
Many rock songs have been written about amphetamines. For example, on the track titled "St. Ides Heaven" from singer/songwriter, self-titled album Elliott Smith. Semi Charmed Life by Third Eye Blind explicitly refers to methamphetamine. Other examples include the song titled "Amphetamine" by alternative rock band Everclear, another song called "Amphetamine" by Three Souls in My Mind, the song "20 Dollar nose bleed" by pop-rock band Fall Out Boy, and the song "Headfirst For Halos "by My Chemical Romance. This has affected the aesthetics of many rock and roll bands (especially in rock garage, R & B, death, punk/hardcore, gothic rock and extreme metal). HÃÆ'¼sker DÃÆ'¼, Jesus and Mary Chain and The Who are sharp amphetamine users in their early life. Hollywood Undead references the negative effects of amphetamine substitutes in the song "City" from their album Swan Songs .
Primus songs "In Tweek again" and "Tweek Collar Blue Damanya" directly refer to the widespread use of amphetamines in rural America. Land Speed ​​Note is a reference for the use of amphetamine HÃÆ'¼sker DÃÆ'¼. Amphetamine is widely abused in the 1980s underground punk-rock scene. NOFX punk-rock bands have incorporated references to amphetamines and other stimulants, the two most obvious being the "Three on Speed" track of 8-inch LP (referring to three people who were at amphetamine while recording an album ), and the album The Longest Line refers to the "line" of amphetamines ready for insufflation.
The Rolling Stones refer to the drug in their song "Can not You Hear Me Knocking" on Sticky Fingers album ("You have cocaine eyes/Yes, get jive speed-freak now"). Lou Reed explicitly refers to the medication on his album Berlin , in the song "How Do You Think It Feels?". The Reed The Velvet Underground band, a creation of the Andy Warhol Year Plant, was triggered by amphetamines, and named their second album White Light/White Heat after the drug. Pulp track "Sorted for E & amp; Wizz" refers to the English slang term for ecstasy and amphetamines. The British gothic rock band The Sisters of Mercy refers to the drug in their song "Amphetamine Logic" from their first album, First and Last and Always, and their singer Andrew Eldritch is associated with the use of amphetamines. The Byrds refers to amphetamines in the 1968 "Artificial Energy" song on The Notorious Byrd Brothers album.
Many rock and roll bands have named themselves after amphetamines and drug hoses and the surrounding medicine culture. For example, Mod revivalist The Purple Hearts named themselves after amphetamine tablets were popular with mods during the 1960s, as did the Australian bands of the same name during the mid-1960s. The Amphetameanies, a ska-punk band, is also named after amphetamine, but hinted its effect in their musical style. Dexys Midnight Runners, hit number one "Come On Eileen", named "dexies", a slang term for amphetamine Dexedrine. Motörhead got its name from a song of the same name by Ian "Lemmy" of Kilmister's previous band, Hawkwind; This song is about the user's speed, "motorhead".
Danny Brown's XXX album contains many references to Adderall, like the song "Adderall Admiral".
In the movie
Producer David O. Selznick, an amphetamine user, often dictates long and verbose memos to his director under the influence of amphetamines. The documentary Shadowing The Third Man linked that Selznick introduced Carol Reed's The Third Man director to use amphetamine, which allowed Reed to carry images in the budget below and on schedule by filming almost 22 hours each time.
The 2009 movie title Amphetamine plays on the double meaning of the word in Mandarin. Besides the name for the drug, it also means "is not this his destiny?" Which is figuratively related to the movie plot. Words are transliterated as? ? ? ? "and" as in the case of non-Chinese term transliterations, each character has an independent meaning as an unrelated individual word.
In math
Perhaps the most striking example of this is Paul Erd? S, one of the most productive and successful mathematicians in human history. He took amphetamine and methylphenidate occasionally throughout his early career. She started drinking it every day at age 58, when a doctor prescribed her to relieve depression associated with her mother's death, and did not stop until her death at age 83. She would also defend herself with excessive amounts of coffee and caffeine. pill. Erd takes amphetamines despite his friends' concerns, one of them (Ron Graham) betting $ 500 on him that he can not stop taking the drug for a month. Erd won the bet, but complained:
You have shown me, I am not an addict. But I did not finish any work. I woke up and stared at a blank sheet of paper. I have no idea, just like ordinary people. You have set the math back a month.
He then immediately re-use his amphetamine.
Drug culture
Adderall in the video game industry
The use of Adderall in the video game industry has received more attention in recent years. Many gamers who claim to use it and claim that this has become a very widespread problem. Some gamers even claim that pills are regularly sold in professional tournaments. Adderall is especially suited to the medium, where victory depends on competitor vigilance, the ability to concentrate and hand-to-eye coordination. As one StarCraft player wrote in 2011 in the official game forum: "Adderall is basically a stimpack for gamers."
The Electronic Sports League says that they will test players for drugs that improve performance starting in a tournament in August 2015. ESL says it will work with two international agencies - the same that helps oversee anti-doping policies for cycling, the Olympics and more. sports - to create anti-doping guidelines and testing programs for players. "We want to create a playing field for all competitors and maintain the integrity of the sport," said James Lampkin, vice president of professional games at ESL. In addition to ESL, Major League Gaming has spoken. Bruce Dugan, spokesman for Major League Gaming, said that the organization's policy prohibits the use of performance-enhancing drugs. However, the league has never had a drug test against its players. "Now a lot of attention is being paid, it's something we'll see for the 2016 season," said spokesman Bruce Dugan.
Use of recreation
Both amphetamines and methamphetamine are used recreatively as euphoriant and aphrodisiac, with methamphetamine being a more common recreational drug because of the availability of precursors and relatively easy to produce. According to the National Geographic TV documentary about methamphetamine, "all subcultures known as parties and games are based on the use of methamphetamine." This San Francisco sub-culture member, who is almost entirely made up of male gay male methamphetamine users, will usually meet through internet dating sites and have sex. Due to strong stimulants and aphrodisiac effects and inhibitory effects on ejaculation, with repeated use, these sexual encounters will occasionally occur continuously for several days. Accidents after the use of methamphetamine in this way are very often severe, with a real hyperomnia.
Term slang
The term slang for methamphetamine, especially common among dark users, varies considerably and varies from region to region. Some names are crystal meth, meth, speed, crystal, ice , shards , shabu or shaboo , sides , glass , not , jib , crank , stones , tweak , pico , rock , tina , fast , and cold . Requirements vary by region and subculture; some of these regional and local names include: Philopon in East Asia, P in New Zealand, "ya ba" (Thai for "Drugs Gila") in Thailand, > bato (Filipino for rock or rock) in the Philippines, angel angels in Scotland and
Administration recreational route
The effect of methamphetamine is proportional to the rate at which the blood level of the drug increases. As a result, the administrative route affects the risk of psychological dependence and addiction independently of other risk factors, such as dose and frequency of use. Intravenous injection is the fastest route of drug delivery, causing the blood concentration to rise most rapidly, followed by smoking, use of suppositories (insertion of the anus or vagina), insufflation (swelling powder form), and swallowing. While the onset of rush caused by injection can occur in just a few seconds, the oral route of administration takes up to half an hour before the initial high set.
Injection
Drug injections through intravenous administration, intramuscular administration, or subcutaneous administration carry a relatively greater risk than other methods of administration. The doses used by recreational intravenous users vary widely, with a range of 1-200 times the dose used therapeutically (ie, up to several grams). Intravenous users are at risk of developing pulmonary embolism (PE), blocking the main artery of the lung or one of its branches, and usually developing a skin rash or infection at the injection site. As with any drug injection, if a group of users share a common needle without a sterilization procedure, blood-borne diseases, such as HIV or hepatitis, may be transmitted. The rate of needle sharing among methamphetamine users is similar to that among other injecting drug users.
Smoking and insufflation
Smoking and insufflation> Smoking_and_insufflation>Smoking refers to the evaporation of drugs and inhalation of the smoke produced; methamphetamine crystals (methamphetamine hydrochloride) and the free base of amphetamine and methamphetamine are volatile substances to enable them to smoke. Crystals of methamphetamine are commonly smoked in glass pipes, known as "bubbles", "spheres", and "stems" (rosebag-water containers often used as emergency pipes in urban populations). Lung disease has been reported in long-term methamphetamine smokers. Yes ba (pills containing caffeine and methamphetamine) smokers often use techniques where a pill is placed on a heated aluminum foil underneath with lighter, in turn vaporizing the pills so that it can be inhaled through heat resistance. pipe. This administrative method is sometimes referred to as "chasing the dragon".
Crystalline methamphetamine and amphetamine salts are sometimes powdered and disassembled by recreational users, resulting in fairly rapid drug uptake through nasal epithelium; with regular use, amphetamines or methamphetamine insufflation slowly destroy and eventually destroy the nasal septum due to their caustic and vasoconstrictive effects.
Rectum and vagina
Intravaginal rectal administration and administration are less popular drug routes in the community with relatively little research effects. Information about its use is largely anecdotal with reports of increased sexual pleasure and the effects of longer-lasting drugs, although because methamphetamine is active in the brain center, this effect may be experienced through higher drug bioavailability in the bloodstream and faster. onset of action rather than many other administrative routes. Names for administrative routes in some methamphetamine communities include "butt rockets", "booty loot", "knocking potatoes", "turkey flavoring", "blockage", "boofing", "suitcasing", "hooping", "keistering" , "shafting", "bumming", and "shelf" (vagina).
Illegal synthesis
Methamphetamine is structurally similar to methcathinone. Synthesis is relatively simple, but it contains risks with flammable and corrosive chemicals, especially solvents used in extraction and purification. Six major production routes begin with phenyl-2-propanone (P2P) or with one of the isomeric compounds of pseudoephedrine and ephedrine.
One procedure using reductive amination of phenyl acetone with methylamine, P2P is usually obtained from phenylacetic acid and acetic anhydride, and phenylacetic acid may arise from benzaldehyde, benzylcyanide, or benzylchloride. Methylamine is very important for all of these methods, and is produced from an aircraft model nitromethane fuel, or formaldehyde and ammonium chloride, or methyl iodide with hexamine. It was once the preferred method of production by motorcycle gangs in California, until DEA restrictions on chemicals made the process difficult. Pseudoephedrine, ephedrine, phenylacetone and phenylacetic acid are currently listed as DEA I and acetic anhydride is a list of II on the list of DEA chemicals subject to regulation and control measures. This method may involve the use of mercuric chloride and leave waste mercury and environmental lead. Methamphetamine produced by this method is racemic, partly composed of less desirable levomethamphetamine isomers, although the separation of two enantiomeric forms through selective recrystallization of tartaric salt may occur to isolate more active dextromethamphetamine.
Leuckart's alternative route also relies on P2P to produce a racemic product, but results through methylformamide in formic acid to N-formyl-methamphetamine intermediates, which is then decarboxylated with hydrochloric acid.
Dark methamphetamine is more commonly done with the reduction of ephedrine or pseudoephedrine, which results in more active d-methamphetamine isomers. The maximum conversion rate for ephedrine and pseudoephedrine is 92%, though typically, illegal methamphetamine laboratories convert at a rate of 50% to 75%. Most illicit production methods involve protonation of hydroxyl groups in ephedrine or pseudoephedrine molecules.
Although dating back to drug discovery, the Nagai route did not become popular among the black producers until c. 1982, and consists of 20% of production in Michigan in 2002. It involves red phosphorus and hydrogen iodide (also known as hydroiodic acid or iohydroic acid). (Hydrogen iodide replaced by iodine and water in "Moscow route".) Hydrogen iodide is used to reduce ephedrine or pseudoephedrine for methamphetamine. On heating, the rapid iodized precursor by hydrogen iodide forms iodoephedrine. Phosphorus helps in the second step, by consuming iodine to form phosphorus triiodide (which decomposes in water into phosphoric acid, regenerates hydrogen iodide). Since hydrogen iodide exists in chemical equilibrium with iodine and hydrogen, phosphorus reactions shift the balance to hydrogen production when iodine is consumed (see Le ChÃÆ' telier's principle). In Australia, criminal groups have been known to replace "red" phosphorus with hypophosphorous acid or phosphoric acid ("Hypo route"). This is a dangerous process for amateur chemists because the phosphine gas, a by-product of in situ hydrogen iodide production, is highly toxic to breathe. The reaction can also produce toxic white and toxic white waste of phosphorus. Methamphetamine produced in this way is usually more than 95% pure.
The same Emde route conceptually involves reducing ephedrine to chloroephedrine using thionyl chloride (SOCl 2 ), followed by catalytic hydrogenation. The catalyst for this reaction is palladium or platinum. The Rosenmund route also uses hydrogen gas and palladium catalysts that are poisoned with barium sulfate (Rosenmund's reduction), but using non-thionyl chloride acid chloride.
Birch reduction, also called the "Nazi method", became popular in the mid to late 1990s and comprised most methamphetamine production in Michigan in 2002. It reacts pseudoephedrine with anhydrous liquid ammonia and alkali metals such as sodium or lithium. The reaction was allowed to stand until ammonia evaporated. However, Birch's reduction is dangerous because alkali and ammonia are both highly reactive, and liquid ammonia temperatures make it susceptible to explosive explosions when reactants are added. It has become the most popular method in the US Midwestern state due to the availability of liquid ammonia fertilizers in agricultural areas.
In recent years, the simplified one-pot "Shake 'n Bake" has become more popular. This method is suitable for small batches that are less effective pseudoephedrine restrictions, using more accessible chemicals (though no less dangerous than traditional methods), and it is easy to do that some addicts have made drugs while driving. This involves placing a crushed pseudoephedrine tablet into an unpressured container containing ammonium nitrate, water, and a hydrophobic solvent such as Coleman fuel or an automotive starting liquid, in which alkali and lithium (from lithium batteries) are added. The hydrogen chloride gas produced by the salt reaction with sulfuric acid is then used to recover the crystals for purification. The container must be "immersed" periodically to prevent failure under accumulated pressure, since exposure to lithium into the air can trigger a fire. The lithium battery can react with water to destroy the container and potentially light a fire or explosion.
Illegal laboratories
Short-term exposure to high concentrations of chemical vapor present in black market methamphetamine laboratories can cause severe health problems and death. Exposure to this substance may occur from volatile air emissions, spills, fires, and explosions. Such methamphetamine laboratories are sometimes found when emergency personnel respond to fires due to inappropriate handling of volatile or flammable materials. Single-pot "shake and bake" synthesis is very susceptible to explode and light up, and, when left behind, still pose a great danger to firefighters.
Methamphetamine cookers, their families, and first responders are at high risk of experiencing acute health effects due to exposure to chemicals, including lung damage and chemical burns to the body. After seizure of the methamphetamine lab, there is a low risk of exposure to chemical residues, but this contamination can be sanitized. Chemical residues and laboratory waste left in the former methamphetamine laboratory can cause severe health problems for people who use the property.
Dirt and adulterers
In Japan, methamphetamine seizures are typically white crystals of high purity, but contain impurities that vary according to the means of production, and are sometimes falsified.
The diagnostic defilements are naphthalene 1-benzyl-methylnaphthalene and 1,3-dimethyl-2-phenylnaphthalene, which appear on the Nagai and Leuckart routes, and cis - or trans - 1, 2-dimethyl-3-phenylaziridine, ephedrine, or erythro-3,4-dimethyl-5-phenyloxazolidine, occurring on the Nagai and Emde routes; this is not in the reductive amination route. The characteristic impurities of the Birch route include N-methyl-1- (1- (1,4-cyclohexadienyl)) - 2-propanamine. Methamphetamine produced by the Birch route contains phenyl-2-propanone, a precursor for reductive amination routes, as a degradation product. However, certain diagnostic impurities are not very reliable in practice, and it is generally preferable for forensic technicians to evaluate the profile of larger trace compounds.
A common adulterer is dimethyl sulfone, a solvent and cosmetic base with no known effect on the nervous system; Other adulterers include dimethylamphetamine HCl, ephedrine HCl, sodium thiosulfate, sodium chloride, sodium glutamate, and caffeine mixture with sodium benzoate.
In the United States, forbidden methamphetamine comes in various forms at varying rates over time. Most commonly, it is found as a colorless crystalline solid. Dirt can produce brown or brown color. Colorful flavored pills containing methamphetamine and caffeine are known as ya ba (Thai for "crazy medicine").
An impure form of methamphetamine is sold as a dimly lit or white stone, commonly referred to as "butter peanut butter". These can be diluted or cut with non-psychoactive substances such as inositol, isopropylbenzylamine or dimethylsulfone. Another popular method is to combine methamphetamine with other stimulants, such as caffeine or cathine, into a pill known as "Kamikaze", which can be very dangerous because of the synergistic effects of some stimulants. A 2007 report on the appearance of the "Strawberry Quik meth" flavor circulated in the media and local law enforcement, but was denied in 2010 by the DEA, although meth of various colors was seized.
Rarely, the impure reaction mixture of the red hydrogen iodide/phosphorus route is used without further modification, usually by injection; it's called "cow blood". "Meth oil" refers to the crude methamphetamine base generated by several synthesis procedures. It is usually purified by exposure to hydrogen chloride, as a solution or as a melting gas, and the resulting salt extraction occurs by precipitation and/or recrystallization with ether/acetone.
Trading and distribution
Until the early 1990s, the US market for methamphetamine was largely supplied by laboratories run by drug traffickers in Mexico and California. In 2007, drug and laboratory seizure data showed that about 80% of methamphetamine used in the United States came from a larger laboratory operated by Mexican-based syndicates on both sides of the border; about 20 percent comes from a small toxic laboratory (STL) in the United States. The 2006 National Drug Threat Assessment, produced by the Department of Justice, found "a decline in domestic methamphetamine production in both small and large laboratories." It also noted a decline in domestic methamphetamine production that was replaced by an increase in illicit Mexican production.
In October 2015, Sinaloa Cartel is the most active drug cartel involved in smuggling methamphetamine and other illegal drugs to the United States and trading wholesale quantities throughout the United States.
See also
- Breaking Bad - Award-winning television series involving the production of methamphetamine criminals
- The face of Meth
- Methamphetamine in the United States
- Montana Meth Project
- Rolling meth lab
Notes and references
External links
- Asia & amp; Pacific Amphetamine Precision Information Center
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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