Psychedelic drug

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Psychedelics is a class of drugs whose primary action is to trigger the psychedelic experience through serotonin receptor agonists, causing visual and auditory thinking and change, and altered states of consciousness. The main psychedelic drugs include mescaline, LSD, psilocybin, and DMT. Studies show that psychedelic is physiologically safe and does not cause addiction. In fact, two studies conducted using psilocybin in a psychotherapist setting revealed that psychedelic drugs can help treat alcohol and nicotine dependence.

Unlike other psychoactive drugs, such as stimulants and opioids, psychedelics tend to qualitatively alter the usual conscious experience. While stimulants cause energetic and opioid feelings to produce a relaxed state of euphoria, psychedelic experiences are often compared with unusual forms of consciousness such as trance, meditation, yoga, religious ecstasy, dreams and even near-death experiences. Most psychedelic drugs fall into one of three families of chemical compounds: tryptamines, phenethylamines, or lysergamides.

Many psychedelic drugs are illegal around the world under UN conventions, sometimes unless used in a religious or research context. Despite these controls, the use of psychedelic recreation is common.

Video Psychedelic drug

Asal istilah

The term psychedelic comes from the Greek word ???? ( soul , "soul, mind") and ?????? ( delein , "manifest"), then "manifesting the soul", the implication is that the psychedelic can access the soul and develop the unused potential of the human mind. The word was coined in 1956 by the British psychiatrist Humphry Osmond, a spell that American ethnobotanist hates, Richard Schultes, but championed by American psychologist Timothy Leary.

Aldous Huxley suggested to Humphry Osmond in 1956, his own coin phanerothyme (Greek "phaneroein-" seen "thymos" Greek soul, so "visible soul"). More recently, the term entheogenic has begun to be used to denote the use of psychedelic drugs in a religious/spiritual/mystical context.

Maps Psychedelic drug

Traditional use

Psychedelics have a long history of traditional use in medicine and religion, because of their perceived ability to promote physical and mental healing. In this context, they are often known as entheogens. Indigenous American practitioners who use mescaline-containing cactus (especially peyote, San Pedro, and Peruvian torch) have reported success against alcoholism, and Mazatec practitioners routinely use psilocybin mushrooms for forecast and healing. Ayahuasca, which contains powerful psychedelic DMT, is used in Peru and other parts of South America for spiritual and physical healing as well as in religious festivals.

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Example

Classical or serotonergic psychedelics (5-HT serotonin receptor agonists _2A ) include LSD (also known as "acid"), psilocin (active constituent of psilocybin mushrooms, commonly known as "magic mushrooms" or "shrooms") , mescaline (active constituent peyote), and DMT (active constituent of ayahuasca and endogenous compounds produced in the human body).

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Class and pharmacological effects

Serotonergic_psychedelics_.285-HT serotonergic_psychedelics_.285-HT2A_receptor_agonists.29 "> psychedelic serotonergic (5-HT _2A receptor agonist )

These psychedelic classes include classical hallucinogens, including lysergamides such as LSD and LSA, tryptamines such as psilocybin and DMT, and phenethylamines such as mescaline and 2C-B. Many of these psychedelics have very similar effects, although their chemical structures are different. However, many users report that the three families have different subjective qualities in "feeling" the experience, which is difficult to explain. At lower doses, these include sensory changes, such as surface curves, sugestibility forms, and color variations. Users often report intense colors they did not previously experience, and repetitive geometric shapes are common. Higher doses often cause intense and fundamental changes in sensory perception, such as synesthesia or additional spatial or temporal dimension experiences. Some compounds, such as 2C-B, have a very tight "dose curve", which means that the differences between non-events and exceptional breaks from reality can be very slight. However, there is a very substantial difference between drugs. For example, 5-MeO-DMT rarely produces other psychedelic visual effects and ibogaine ('tryptamine complex') is also a NMDA receptor antagonist and a non-opioid-receptor agonist in addition to being an agonist for 5-HT sub> 2A receptors, producing an effect dissociative as well (see dissociative below).

Interestingly, most of the antidepressant drugs (especially those not typical like mirtazapine, trazodone) are 5-HT2A antagonists, from moderate to very powerful, and thus often interfere with psychedelic effects. In addition, people with chronic anti-depressant drugs can barely get the effects of serotonergic psychedelic drugs even after discontinuing antidepressant drugs.

Empathogen-entactogens

The entogenogen-entactogen is phenethylamines from the MDxx classes such as MDMA, MDEA, and MDA. The effect is characterized by a feeling of openness, euphoria, empathy, love, increased self-awareness, and by mild visual and audio distortions (an increase in overall sensory experience is often reported). Their adoption by the rave subculture may be due to an increase in social experience and music as a whole. MDA is not uncommon in this experience, often resulting in hallucinations and psychedelic effects in the same depth as chemicals in the 5-HT _2A agonist category, but with much less mental involvement, and is the release of serotonin and 5 -HT _2A agonist receptor.

Dissociatives

NMDA antagonist

Certain dissociative drugs that work through NMDA antagonism are known to produce what some may consider psychedelic effects. The main difference between dissociative psychedelics and serotonergic hallucinogens is that the dissociative leads to more intense reorganization and depersonalization. For example, ketamine produces a disconnected sensation from one's body and the surrounding environment is not real, as well as perceptual changes seen with other psychedelics.

More

Salvia divinorum is a dissociative that is sometimes classified as atypical psychedelic . The active molecule in the plant, salvinorin A, is a kappa opioid receptor agonist, acting on the part of the brain associated with pain. This receptor activation is also associated with dysphoria occasionally experienced by opioid users both on a therapeutic and recreational basis. The unusual feature of

divinorum is high potential (doses in the microgram range) and a very confusing effect, which often includes "entity contact", a complete loss of reality perception, and users who have consciousness placed in a different object, e.g. glass panels or pencils. In addition, ibotenic acid and muscimol, the active constituent of Amanita muscaria, can be regarded as psychedelic, disociative or deliriant.

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Psychiatry and law

Although many psychedelic drugs are not addictive and there is no evidence to support long-term damage to mental health, many of these drugs have been declared illegal under the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances in 1971. In addition, many countries have analogous measures that automatically prohibit drugs anything that shares a chemical structure similar to a common prohibited substance regardless of whether they are harmful.

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See also

Category

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Note

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External links

• Scientific bibliography on the use of psychedelic drugs in the history of psychology
• WWW Psychedelic Bibliography - A searchable database with the full text of many psychedelic scientific articles
• Magic Mushrooms and Wildebeest - Weird Nature . A short video on the use of mushrooms Amanita muscaria by the Sami people and their deer produced by the BBC. [1]
• People in Psychedelics. A collection of people who have spoken openly about psychedelics.
• Manual for Ibogaine Therapy Contributes Author: Marc Emery, Geerte Frenken, Sara Glatt, Brian Mariano, Karl Naeher, Dr. Martin Polanco, Marko Resinovic, Nick Sandberg, Eric Taub, Samuel Waizmann, and Hattie Wells
• Trips Beyond Addiction Living Hero Radio Show and Special Podcasts. With Dimitri Mobengo Mugianis, Bovenga Na Muduma, Clare S. Wilkins, Brad Burge, Tom Kingsley Brown, Susan Thesenga, Bruce K. Alexander, PhD ~ sound of former addicts, researchers from The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies and Ibogaine/Iboga/Ayahuasca share their experience in solving addiction with original medicines. Jan 2013
• ERIE (Entheogenic Research, Integration, and Education) 501 (c) (3) provides support to individuals who navigate their entheogenic integration process.

Source of the article : Wikipedia