The gambling issue (or ludomania , but commonly referred to as " gambling addiction " or " compulsive gambling ") is a boost to gamble continuously despite negative harmful consequences or the desire to quit. The problem of gambling is often defined by whether the danger is experienced by the gambler or others, not by the behavior of the gambler. Dangerous gambling issues can be diagnosed as clinical pathological gambling if the gambler meets certain criteria. Pathological gambling is a common disorder associated with social and family costs.
The DSM-5 has re-classified the condition as an addictive disorder, with sufferers showing much in common with those who have substance addiction. The term gambling addiction has long been used in the recovery movement. Pathological gambling has long been considered by the American Psychiatric Association as an impulse control disorder rather than an addiction. However, the data show a closer link between pathological gambling and substance use disorders than those between PG and obsessive-compulsive disorder, largely due to behavior in gambling problems and most of the disruption of primary substance use ( ie , they do not result from the desire to "self-medicate" for other conditions such as depression) seek to activate the mechanism of rewarding the brain while behaviors that characterize obsessive-compulsive disorder are driven by overactive and misplaced signals from the brain's fear mechanism.
The problem of gambling is addictive behavior with high comorbidity with alcohol problems. Comorbidity is the presence of one or more diseases or disorders that occur with each other. A common feature of people who suffer from gambling addiction is impulsivity.
Video Problem gambling
Definisi
Government research in Australia leads to a universal definition for a country that appears to be the only study-based definition for not using diagnostic criteria: "The problem of gambling is characterized by many difficulties in limiting money and/or time spent on gambling leading to adverse consequences for gamblers, others, or for the community. "The University of Maryland Medical Center defines pathological gambling as" incapable of resisting the drive to gamble, which can lead to severe personal or social consequences ".
Most other definitions of the gambling problem can usually be simplified into any gambling that poses a danger to the gambler or other people in any way; However, this definition is usually combined with a description of the type of damage or the use of diagnostic criteria. The DSM-V has since reclassified the pathological gambling as a "gambling disorder" and has registered the disorder under substance-related and addictive disturbances rather than impulse control disorders. This is because the symptomatology of an addiction-like disorder does not differ from substance abuse. To be diagnosed, one should have at least four of the following symptoms within a 12 month period:
- The need to gamble with an increase in the amount of money to achieve the desired excitement
- Restless or irritable when trying to reduce or stop gambling
- Repeated attempts have been made unsuccessful to control, reduce or stop gambling
- Often preoccupied with gambling (for example, having an ongoing thought to revive gambling experiences in the past, interrupting or planning next venture, figuring out how to earn money to gamble)
- Often gamble when feeling depressed (eg, helplessness, guilt, anxiety, depression)
- After losing gambling money, often returning one more day to reciprocate ("chase" someone's loss)
- Lying to keep gambling engagement secret up
- Has jeopardized or lost significant career, employment, education, or career opportunities due to gambling
- Count on others to give money to deal with desperate financial situations caused by gambling
Maps Problem gambling
Mechanism and biology
According to the Illinois Institute for Addiction Recovery, evidence suggests that pathological gambling is an addiction similar to chemical addiction. It has been observed that some pathological gamblers have lower norepinephrine levels than regular gamblers. According to a study conducted by Alec Roy, previously at the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, norepinephrine is secreted under pressure, arousal, or tension, so pathological gamblers are betting to cover up their dose deficiencies.
According to a report from the Harvard Medical School division on addiction, there is an experiment built in which test subjects are presented with situations where they can win, lose, or break even in an environment like a casino. Reaction subjects were measured using fMRI, neuroimaging technique. And according to Hans Breiter, director of the Center for Motivation and Emotions Neuroscience at Massachusetts General Hospital, "prize money in experiments like gambling yields brain activation very similar to that observed in cocaine addicts receiving cocaine infusions." Studies have compared pathological gamblers with drug addicts, concluding that addicted gamblers display more physical symptoms during withdrawal.
Deficiencies in serotonin may also contribute to compulsive behavior, including gambling addiction. There are three important points found after this antidepressant study:
- Antidepressants may reduce pathological gambling if there is an effect on serotonergic reuptake inhibitors and 5-HT1/5-HT2 receptor antagonists.
- Pathological gambling, as part of obsessive-compulsive disorder, requires a higher dose of antidepressants because it is usually necessary for depressive disorders.
- In cases where the participants do not have or have anxiety symptoms or minimal depression, antidepressants still have these effects.
A limited study presented at a conference in Berlin, showing the release of different opioids in the gambler problem of the general population, but in a very different way from alcoholics or other substances.
The findings in one review show responsible sensitization theory. Dopamine dysregulation syndrome has been observed in the theory in people related to activities such as gambling.
Some medical authors suggest that biomedical models of gambling problems may not be helpful because they only focus on the individual. These authors point out that social factors may be the determinants of gambling behavior that are far more important than brain chemicals and they suggest that social models may be more useful in understanding the problem. For example, a clear increase in gambling problems in the UK might be better understood as a consequence of changes in laws that came into effect in 2007 and allowed online casinos, betting makers and online betting sites to advertise on TV and radio for the first time and that reducing restrictions on opening of betting shops and gambling sites online.
Relationship with other issues
Pathological gambling is similar to many impulse control disorders such as kleptomania. According to evidence from both community-based studies and clinics, individuals who are pathological gamblers are very likely to exhibit other psychiatric problems simultaneously, including substance use disorders, mood disorders and anxiety, or personality disorders.
Pathological gambling shows some similarities with substance abuse. There is partial overlap in the diagnostic criteria; pathological gamblers also tend to abuse alcohol and other drugs. "Telescoping phenomenon" reflects the rapid development of early behavior to problem behavior in women compared with men. This phenomenon was originally portrayed for alcoholism, but has also been applied to pathological gambling. Also biological data provide support for the relationship between pathological gambling and substance abuse.
Suicidal rate
A gambler who does not receive treatment for pathological gambling when in desperation phase can contemplate suicide. The issue of gambling is often associated with increased suicidal ideation and effort compared to the general population.
The beginning of gambling problems increases the risk of lifelong suicide. However, gambling suicide attempts are usually committed by older people with gambling problems. The use of comorbid and comorbid mental disorders increases the risk of suicide in people with gambling problems. A study of Australian hospitals in 2010 found that 17% of suicide patients treated at the Alfred Hospital's emergency department were troubled gamblers. In the United States, a report by the National Council on Gambling Issues shows about one in five pathological fighters attempting suicide. The council also said that suicide rates among pathological gamblers are higher than other addictive disorders.
Psychological mechanisms
Several psychological mechanisms are considered to be involved in the development and maintenance of gambling problems. First, prize processing seems less sensitive to problem gamblers. Secondly, some individuals use problem gambling as an escape from problems in their lives (examples of negative reinforcement). Third, personality factors play a role, such as narcissism, risk seeking, sensation search, and impulsivity. Fourth, troubled gamblers suffer from a number of cognitive biases, including illusion of control, unrealistic optimism, over-confidence, and gambling error (a false belief that a series of random events tend to self-correct so that the absolute frequency of each result balances one another ). Fifth, gambler problems represent the chronic state of the behavioral spin process, the gambling spin, as described by the criminal spin theory.
Diagnosis
The most common instrument used to filter out the behavior of "possible pathological gambling" is the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) developed by Lesieur and Blume (1987) at South Oaks Hospital in New York City. In recent years the use of SOGS has declined due to a number of criticisms, including those exaggerating positive mistakes (Battersby, Tolchard, Thomas & Esterman, 2002).
The DSM-IV diagnostic criteria presented as checklists are an alternative to SOGS, it focuses on the underlying psychological motivations of gambling problems and developed by the American Psychiatric Association. It consists of ten diagnostic criteria. One of the most commonly used screening measures based on DSM-IV criteria is the National Opinion Research Center, DSM Screen for Gambling Problems (NODS). The Canadian Problem Gambling Inventory (CPGI) and the Victorian Gambling Screen (VGS) are a newer assessment measure. Gambling Severity Index The problem, which focuses on the dangers associated with gambling issues, consists of nine items from a longer CPGI. VGS is also dangerous based and includes 15 items. VGS has proven its validity and reliability in population studies as well as Adolescents and clinic gamblers.
Treatment
Most of the care for gambling problems involves counseling, step-based programs, self-help, peer support, treatment, or a combination of these. However, none of the treatments were considered the most efficacious and no drugs were approved for the treatment of pathological gambling by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Only one treatment facility has been licensed to officially treat gambling as an addiction, and that is by the State of Virginia.
Gamblers Anonymous (GA) is a commonly used treatment for gambling problems. Modeled after Alcoholics Anonymous, GA uses a 12-step model that emphasizes a mutual support approach. There are three inpatient care centers in North America. One form of counseling, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to reduce symptoms and impulse related gambling. This type of therapy focuses on identifying gambling-related thought processes, moods, and cognitive distortions that increase one's vulnerability to uncontrolled gambling. In addition, the CBT approach often uses skill development techniques directed at prevention of relapse, assertiveness and gambling rejection, problem solving and the strengthening of inconsistent activities and interests of gambling.
For behavioral care, several recent studies support the use of activity scheduling and desensitization in the treatment of gambling problems. In general, behavioral analytic research in this area is growing. There is evidence that SSRI paroxetine is efficacious in the treatment of pathological gambling. In addition, for patients suffering from both pathological gambling and comorbid bipolar spectrum conditions, sustained release lithium has demonstrated efficacy in early trials. The opioid nalmefene antagonist drug has also been tested successfully enough for compulsive gambling treatments.
Step-based program
Another step-based program specifically for gambling and generics to cure addiction, create financial health, and improve mental health. Commercial alternatives designed for clinical intervention, using the best health sciences and applied education practices, have been used as patient-centered tools for intervention since 2007. They include measured effectiveness and the resulting recovery metrics.
Interview motivation
Motivational interviews are one of the compulsive gambling treatments. The basic purpose of motivational interviews is to promote readiness to change through thinking and resolve mixed feelings. Avoiding aggressive confrontation, argument, labeling, blame, and direct persuasion, the interviewer supplies empathy and advice to the compulsive gamblers who set their own goals. The focus is on promoting freedom of choice and encouraging trust in the ability to change.
Peer support
The method of treatment that is developing is peer support. With the advancement of online gambling, many gamblers have problems using various online peer support groups to aid in their recovery. It protects their anonymity while allowing them to try their own recovery, often without having to expose their problems to loved ones.
Self-help
Research on self-help for troubled gamblers has shown benefits. A study by Wendy Slutske of the University of Missouri concluded that a third of pathological gamblers cope with natural recovery.
Anti-addiction drugs
One of the newest methods to treat gambling problems is the use of anti-addiction drugs. Drug trials used for heroin, opium and morphine addicts that reduce dopamine production, are currently being tested on gambling addicts. Dopamine is considered a key part of the addiction and its hope is to develop a real-time antidote to help reduce the drive to gamble.
Self-exclusion
Self-exclusion gambling programs (voluntary exclusions) are available in the US, UK, Canada, Australia, South Africa, France, and other countries. They seem to help some gamblers problem (but not all) to gamble less frequently.
Some experts argue that casinos generally set up self-exclusion programs as public relations acts without actually helping many of those who have problem gambling issues. This type of campaign simply "diverts attention from troubled products and industries," according to Natasha Dow Schull, a cultural anthropologist at New York University and author of Designed Addictions interviewed for The Fifth Estate (TV series) which is broadcast by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
There are also questions about the effectiveness of such programs, which can be difficult to enforce. In the province of Ontario, Canada, for example, the Self-Exclusion program operated by the Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation (OLG) government is ineffective, according to an investigation conducted by the television series, revealed in late 2017. "Gambling addicts... said that while on... list of self-exclusion, they enter the OLG property regularly "regardless of face recognition technology in place in the casino, according to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. In addition, a CBC reporter who tested the system found that he could enter the Ontario casino and gamble on four different occasions, despite being registered and photographed for the self-exclusion program. An OLG spokesperson gave this response when asked by CBC: "We provide support for self-excersers by training our staff, by providing disincentives, by giving face recognition, by giving our security officers a search for players. it becomes very easy because it is not designed to be so easy ".
Impact (Australia)
According to a final report of the 2010 Productivity Commission on gambling, the social costs of gambling problems are close to 4.7 billion dollars a year. Some of the dangers that result from gambling problems include depression, suicide, lower work productivity, job loss, relationship disruption, crime and bankruptcy. A survey conducted in 2008 found that the most common motivation for fraud was gambling, with each average incident losing $ 1.1 million. According to Darren R. Christensen. Nicki A. Dowling, Alun C. Jackson and Shane A.Thomas survey conducted from 1994-2008 in Tasmania gave the result that gambling participation rates have increased rather than fall during this period.
Prevalence
Europe
In Europe, the gambling rate of the problem is usually 0.5 to 3 percent. The "British Gambling Prevalence Survey 2007", conducted by the UK Gambling Commission, found around 0.6 percent of the adult population had problem gambling issues - the same percentage as in 1999. The highest prevalence of gambling problems was found among those who participated in spread bets (14.7%), fixed opportunity bet (11.2%) and betting (9.8%). In Norway, a study in December 2007 showed the current number of problem gamblers is 0.7 percent.
North America
In the United States, the percentage of pathological gamblers is 0.6 percent, and the percentage of gamblers is 2.3 percent problematic in 2008. The study commissioned by the National Gambling Impact Research Commission has shown prevalence rates ranging from 0.1 percent to 0.6 percent. Nevada has the highest percentage of pathological gambling; the 2002 report estimates that 2.2 to 3.6 percent of Nevada people over the age of 18 can be called problem gamblers. Also, 2.7 to 4.3 percent can be called a possible pathological gambler.
According to a 1997 meta-analysis by the Harvard Medical School division on addiction, 1.1 percent of adult population in the United States and Canada can be called pathological gamblers. A 1996 study estimated that 1.2 to 1.9 percent of adults in Canada were pathologic. In Ontario, a 2006 report showed 2.6 percent of the population experienced "moderate gambling problems" and 0.8 percent "severe gambling problems". In Quebec, about 0.8 percent of the adult population is a pathological gambler in 2002. Although most gamblers do so harmlessly, about 6 million American adults are addicted to gambling.
Signs of gambling problems include:
- Use earnings or savings to gamble while allowing unpaid bills
- Repeat attempts and failed to stop gambling
- Pursuit of loss
- Losing sleep because of gambling mind
- Arguing with friends or family about gambling behavior
- Feeling depressed or suicidal about losing gambling
Oceania (Australia)
Both casinos and poker machines in pubs and clubs facilitate gambling problems in Australia. The construction of new hotels and casinos has been described as "one of the most active construction markets in Australia"; for example, AUD $ 860 million is allocated to rebuild and expand the Star Complex in Sydney.
A 2010 study, conducted in the Northern Territory by researchers from the Australian National University (ANU) and Southern Cross University (SCU), found that the proximity of a person's residence to a gambling venue is significant in terms of prevalence. The dangerous gambling in the study is common among those living within 100 meters of the gambling grounds, and more than 50% higher than among those living ten kilometers away. Research data states:
"In particular, people who live 100 meters from their favorite places visited by an estimated average of 3.4 times per month. This compares with an average of 2.8 times per month for those who live a kilometer away, and 2, 2 times per month for people who live ten kilometers away. ".
According to the 2016 Productivity Commission report in gambling, 0.5% to 1% (80,000 to 160,000) of the Australian adult population are suffering with significant problems resulting from gambling. Further, 1.4% to 2.1% (230,000 to 350,000) of the Australian adult population are at moderate risk so that they tend to be prone to gambling problems. Estimates show that gambler problems account for an average of 41% of total gambling machine spending.
See also
- Anonymous Gambler
- Gambler's Lamentations, an ancient poem about gambling
- Gambling Commission (United Kingdom)
- GamCare
- Game law
- National Council on Gambling Problems (Singapore)
- National Council on Gambling Issues (United States)
- Problem Gambling Foundation New Zealand
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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