Prescription drugs (also prescription drugs or prescription drugs ) are pharmaceutical drugs that legally require a doctor's prescription to be distributed. Conversely, over-the-counter drugs can be obtained without a prescription. The reasons for this discrepancy in substance control are the scope of potential abuse, from drug abuse to unlicensed medical practice and without adequate education. Different jurisdictions have different definitions of what is a prescription drug.
"Rx" (?) Is often used as a short form for prescription drugs in North America - a contraction of the Latin "recipe" (imperative "receiver") form meaning "to take". Prescription drugs are often shared along with monographs (in Europe, Patient Leaflet Information or PIL) that provide detailed information about the drug.
The use of prescription drugs has increased since the 1960s. In the US, 88% of older adults (62-85 years) use at least 1 prescription drug, while 36% take at least 5 prescription drugs simultaneously.
Video Prescription drug
Rule
Australia
In Australia, Standards for Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Toxins (SUSMP) regulate the manufacture and supply of medicines by several categories:
- Schedule 1 - Not Active
- Schedule 2 - Pharmaceutical Treatment
- Schedule 3 - Drug Pharmacist Only
- Schedule 4 - Prescription/Animal Drugs Only Recipes
- Schedule 5 - Attention
- Schedule 6 - Poison
- Schedule 7 - Dangerous Poison
- Schedule 8 - Controlled Medication (Ownership without illegal authority)
- Schedule 9 - Sublicense
- Unscheduled materials
As in England, patients visit a health practitioner, (doctor, nurse, dentist, podiatrist, etc.), who may prescribe medication.
Many of the recipes issued by health practitioners in Australia are covered by the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme, a scheme that provides prescription drugs that are subsidized to Australians to ensure that all Australians have accessible and reliable access to the necessary medications. When purchasing drugs under PBS, the consumer pays no more than the contribution of the patient's joint payment, which, as of January 1, 2017, is A $ 38.80 for the general patient. Those covered by government rights (low-income, welfare recipients, Health Care Cardholders, etc.) and or under the Repatriation Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme (RPBS) have reduced joint payments, ie $ 6.30 by 2017. Co-payments are mandatory and can not be discounted by pharmacies under any circumstances.
Personal prescriptions are issued for drugs not covered by PBS or used off-label, for indications other than those covered by PBS. Patients pay pharmacies for prescribed medicines in person.
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the 1968 Drug Act and the Designated Drug Administration (Human Use) of 1997 contained regulations covering the supply of sales, use, prescription, and drug production. There are three categories of drugs:
- Special prescription drugs ( POM ), which pharmacists can sell if prescriber recipes
- Pharmaceutical drugs ( P ), which can be sold by pharmacists without a prescription
- General sales list ( GSL ) of drugs, which can be sold without a prescription in any store
The possession of prescribed medications alone without a prescription is legal unless covered by Drug Abuse Act 1971.
A patient visits a doctor or dentist, who may prescribe drugs and certain other medical items, such as blood glucose testing equipment for diabetics. Also, qualified and experienced nurses and pharmacists can be independent prescriptions. Both may prescribe all POMs, but pharmacists should not prescribe drugs controlled Schedule 1. District nurses and health visitors have limited prescribing rights since the mid-1990s; Until then, recipes for bandages and simple medicines should be signed by doctors. Once removed, the prescription is taken by the patient to the pharmacy, which dispenses the drug.
Most recipes are NHS recipes, subject to standard charges unrelated to what is shared. The cost of NHS prescriptions is raised to  £ 8.60 per item in the UK on April 1, 2017; prescriptions are free of charge when prescribed and distributed in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, and for some patients in the UK, such as inpatients, children, those over 60 years of age or with certain medical conditions, and certain benefit plaintiffs. Pharmacies charge actual NHS medicines, which can vary from a few cents to hundreds of pounds. A patient can consolidate prescription fees by using a certificate of prescription payment (informally "season ticket"), effectively limiting fees at £ 29.10 per quarter or Ã, £ 104.00 per year.
Outside of the NHS, personal prescriptions are issued by private medical practitioners and sometimes under the NHS for drugs not covered by the NHS. A patient pays a normal price pharmacy for a drug prescribed outside the NHS.
The results of a survey published by Ipsos MORI in 2008 found that about 800,000 people in Britain did not collect prescriptions or distribute them because of their cost, as in 2001.
United States
In the United States, the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act defines what substances require prescriptions for them to be excluded by pharmacies. The federal government authorizes doctors, psychiatrists, physician assistants, nursing practitioners and other advanced nursing practitioners, veterinarians, dentists, and eye doctors to prescribe the substance being watched. They then issued a unique Drug Enforcement Act number; many other mental and physical health technicians, including registered elementary nurses, medical assistants, emergency medical technicians, most psychologists and social workers, for example, have no authority to prescribe the substance being watched.
The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) was passed into law by the US Congress of the United States in 1970. It is a federal drug law governing the manufacture, import, possession, use, and distribution of certain substances. The law classifies substances into five schedules, with various qualifications for each schedule.
The safety and effectiveness of prescription drugs in the US is governed by the Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1987 (PDMA). The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is charged by applying the law.
Abuse or misuse of prescription drugs may cause adverse drug events, including those caused by harmful drug interactions. According to one study, as many as 15% of older American adults have a potential primary interaction risk between drugs.
Packages included for prescribed medications contain information about the effects of the drug in question and how it works in the body. It also contains information about side effects, how patients should take the drug, and warns for its use, including warnings about allergies.
As a general rule, OTC is used to treat conditions that do not require treatment from health care professionals if it has been proven to meet higher safety standards for self-treatment by patients. Often, lower drug strength will be approved for OTC use, but higher strength requires a prescription to be obtained; an important case is ibuprofen, which has been widely available as an OTC pain killer since the mid-1980s, but is available prescribed in doses up to four times the OTC dose for severe pain not adequately controlled by OTC forces.
Preparation of herbs, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and other dietary supplements is regulated by the FDA as a dietary supplement. Because certain health claims can not be made, consumers must make informed decisions when purchasing the product.
By law, American pharmacies operated by "membership clubs" such as Costco and Sam's Club must allow non-members to use their pharmacy service and may not charge more for this service than they charge as their members.
Doctors may legally prescribe drugs for use other than those specified in FDA approval, known as off-label use. Drug companies, however, are prohibited from marketing their drugs for use outside the label.
Large US retailers who operate pharmacies and pharmaceutical chains use generic cheap drugs as a way to attract customers to the store. Some chains, including Walmart, Kroger (including subsidiaries such as Dillons), Target, and others, offer $ 4 monthly recipes on selected generic drugs as a customer raffle. Publix Supermarket, which has pharmacies in many of their stores, offers free recipes on some older but still effective remedies for their customers. Maximum supply is for 30 days.
Many prescription drugs are usually misused, especially those marketed as analgesics, including fentanyl (Duragesic), hydrocodone (Vicodin), oxycodone (OxyContin), oxymorphone (Opana), propoxyphene (Darvon), hydromorphone (Dilaudid), meperidine (Demerol), and diphenoxylate (Lomotil).
Prescription painkillers have been found to be highly addictive, and deaths from accidental intoxication in the United States have skyrocketed since the 1990s. Prescriber education guidelines as well as patient education, prescribed drug monitoring programs, and pain clinic regulation are regulatory tactics that have been used to reduce opioid use and abuse.
Maps Prescription drug
Expiry date
The expiry date, which is required in some countries, determines the date at which the manufacturer guarantees the full potential and safety of the drug. In the United States, the expiry date is determined by the rules set by the FDA. The FDA advises consumers not to use the product after the expiration date.
A study by the US Food and Drug Administration includes more than 100 drugs, prescription and over-the-counter. The results show that about 85% of them are safe and effective as far back as 15 years after the expiration date. Joel Davis, former FDA expiry head of obedience, says that with some exceptions - mainly nitroglycerin, insulin, some liquid antibiotics; expired tetracycline can cause Fanconi syndrome - the most expired drug may be effective.
The American Medical Association (AMA) issues reports and statements about the Expiry Date of Pharmacy. The Harvard Medical School Family Health Guide notes that, with the rare exception, "it is true that drug effectiveness may decline over time, but much of the original potential still remains even a decade after the expiration date".
The expiration date is the last day the manufacturer guarantees the full potential and safety of the drug. The drug expiry date is present in most drug labels, including prescription, over-the-counter (OTC) and diet (herbal) supplements. US pharmaceutical manufacturers are required by law to place expiration dates on products prescribed prior to being marketed. For legal and liability reasons, producers will not make recommendations about drug stability past the original expiration date.
Cost
The price of prescription drugs varies worldwide. The cost of prescriptions for biosimilar and generic medicines is usually smaller than the brand name, but the cost differs from one pharmacy to another.
The price of prescription drugs including generic prices increases faster than the average rate of inflation. To subsidize the cost of prescribed medications, some patients have decided to buy drugs online.
Generics undergo rigorous checks to meet the effectiveness, safety, dosage, strength, stability, and quality of branded drugs. Generics are developed after a brand name has been established, and generic drug approval in many aspects has a shortened approval process because it repeats the drug brand name.
Branded drugs are more expensive because of the time, money, and resources invested by drug companies to repeat the FDA-directed research clinical trials to keep the drug in the market. Since drug companies should invest more in research costs to do this, the price of brand drugs is much higher when sold to consumers.
When a patent ends for a branded drug, a generic version of the drug is produced by another company and sold for a cheaper price. By switching to generic prescription drugs, patients can save huge amounts of money: e.g. one study by the FDA showed an example with more than 50% overall patient cost savings from their prescription medication.
Drug cost control strategy in the US
In the United States there are many resources available to patients to lower the cost of treatment. These include generic drug programs, co-pay assistance programs, and patient assistance programs.
Generic drug programs lower the amount of money patients have to pay when taking their prescriptions in pharmacies and because of their name they only include generics. Out of pocket costs for patients enrolled in a generic program is about $ 3-4 for a 30 day supply. Patients can visit NeedyMeds to find a pharmacy in their area that offers generic drug programs. Some common programs include Walgreens, CVS, Costco and Walmart.
The co-pay assistance program is a program to help patients lower the cost of specialty drugs: those that are in limited formularies, limited distribution, and without generics. These medications may include medications for HIV, hepatitis C, and multiple sclerosis. The Patient Assistance Program Center (RxAssist) has a list of foundations that provide co-pay assistance programs. It is important to note that co-pay assistance programs are for underprivileged patients. Uninsured patients are not eligible for these resources, but they may be eligible for a patient assistance program.
Patient assistance programs are funded by drug manufacturers. Patients can often apply to the program through the manufacturer's website. Patients can also take advantage of the Patient Assistance Program Center (RxAssist) to find the appropriate program. This type of help program is one of several options for uninsured patients.
Out of pocket costs for patients enrolled in co-pay assistance or a patient assistance program is $ 0. This is a key resource to help lower drug costs - however, many providers and patients are unaware of resources.
Environment
Traces of prescription drugs - including antibiotics, anti-convulsants, mood stabilizers and sex hormones - have been detected in drinking water. Pharmaceutically active compounds (Phac) removed from human therapy and their metabolites are found not completely eliminated by sewage treatment plants and have been found at low concentrations in surface water downstream of the plant. The continuous discharges of improperly treated water can interact with other environmental chemicals and cause uncertain ecological effects. Because most of the dissolved drugs, fish and other aquatic organisms are susceptible to their effects. Long-term effects of medicines in the environment can affect the survival and reproduction of such organisms. However, the level of medical drug waste in the water is at a low enough level so it does not become a direct problem for human health. However, processes, such as biomagnification, are potential concerns in affecting human health.
On the other hand, there is real evidence of damage to aquatic animals and fauna. Recent advances in technology have enabled scientists to detect smaller amounts of drugs in the ng/ml range. Despite such low concentrations, female hormonal contraceptives have been documented to cause feminization effects in male vertebrate species, such as fish, frogs and crocodiles. Promising models have been developed to further study the effects on our aquatic environment. The read biology across models combines the concept of action mechanisms (MoAs) and poor outcome paths (AOPs). In other words, the species under study need to have the same mechanism by which pharmaceuticals act on the species and achieve similar concentrations that would be enough to cause any effect on humans. Learning about these relationships can give us more quantifiable information about the effects of medicines in our environment.
Currently, research is underway on various methods of reducing chemical waste in the environment. In addition, the U.S. Food & amp; The Drug Administration (FDA) set guidelines in 2007 to inform consumers that they should dispose of prescription drugs. When drugs do not include special disposal instructions, patients should not flush toilets, but instead use drug recovery programs. It aims to reduce the amount of pharmaceutical waste that goes into our waste and landfills. If no take-back program is available, prescription drugs may be disposed of in household waste after being destroyed and/or dissolved and then mixed in separate containers or bags that can be covered with unwanted substances such as cat litter or other unattractive materials (for reduce consumption).
See also
References
Further reading
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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