The long-term effects of cannabis have been the subject of ongoing debate. Because marijuana is illegal in most countries, research presents challenges; thus, there is still much to be concluded.
Video Long-term effects of cannabis
Memory and intelligence
Acute cannabis intoxication has been shown to negatively impact attention, psychomotor task abilities, and short-term memory. A 2016 review found that chronic use of marijuana during adolescence, when the brain is still developing, correlates in the long run with lower IQ and chronic cognitive deficits, but it is unclear whether chronic use causes problems or if "people with worse cognitive function may be more susceptible to use and abuse of cannabis. "Overview 2013 has similar findings. A recent large longitudinal twin study found little evidence that the use of adolescent cannabis causes a decrease in IQ. Previous findings of adverse effects may be due to confounding factors that affect the initiation of substances and IQ.
Maps Long-term effects of cannabis
Dependency
Cannabis is the most widely used drug in the Western world, and although in the United States 10 to 20% of consumers who use marijuana every day become dependent, it is different from addiction. The cannabis use disorder was defined in the fifth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM-5) as a condition requiring treatment. The 2012 review on use and dependence of cannabis in the United States by Danovitch et al says that "42% of people over the age of 12 have used marijuana at least once in their lives, 11.5% has been used in year, and 1.8% have met diagnostic criteria for abuse or cannabis dependence in the past year.Among individuals who have used marijuana, conditional dependence (the proportion that continues to develop dependence) is 9%. "Although there is no cure known to be effective in combating dependence, psychotherapy combinations such as cognitive behavioral therapy and improved motivational therapy have achieved some success.
Dependency of marijuana develops in 9% of users, much less than the heroin, cocaine, alcohol, and anxiolytics prescribed, but slightly higher than that for psilocybin, mescaline, or LSD. Dependency on marijuana tends to be less severe than that observed with cocaine, opiates, and alcohol.
Mental health
Historically, the possibility of a link between psychosis and marijuana has long been debated. Recent medical evidence strongly suggests that long-term use of marijuana by people beginning to be used at an early age shows a higher tendency to mental health problems and other physical and developmental disorders, although causal relationships have not been definitively determined. This risk seems to be most acute on juvenile users.
Cannabis alone is not believed to cause psychosis, although it may be a contributory factor, especially when combined with existing susceptibility.
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Clinical studies generally support the biological benefits of potential effects of cannabis therapy 'when treating post-traumatic stress disorder, however, it all depends on the dose. It has been reported the benefits of marijuana and PTSD when it comes to nightmares and sleep. Cannabis is also beneficial when it comes to depression, anxiety, and psychosis with PTSD. However, negative benefits with PTSD include brain development and drug abuse. The study states that there has not been enough research to determine whether marijuana will actually benefit PTSD more than harm it.
Acute psychosis
Although there is a relationship noted between cases of acute psychosis and long-term use of cannabis, the nature of the right relationship is controversial; Evidence suggests that the use of cannabis can aggravate psychotic symptoms and increase the risk of relapse.
Anxiety
Meta-analysis 2014 found a link between the use of cannabis and anxiety.
Depersonalization/derealization symptoms
The use of cannabis can trigger new panic attacks and symptoms of depersalization/derealisasi simultaneously.
Chronic psychosis
According to one 2013 review, long-term use of cannabis "increases the risk of psychosis in people with a particular genetic or environmental susceptibility," but it does not cause psychosis. Important predisposing factors include genetic responsibility, childhood trauma and urban education. Another 2013 review concludes that the use of marijuana can cause permanent psychological disorders in some users such as cognitive impairment, anxiety, paranoia, and an increased risk of psychosis. Major predisposing variables include age of first exposure, frequency of use, potential of marijuana used, and individual susceptibility. A 2013 review states that there is "a strong relationship between schizophrenia and the use of marijuana...". The authors found that the use of cannabis alone did not predict the transition to subsequent psychiatric illness. Many factors are involved, including genetics, the environment, the period of initiation time and the duration of cannabis use, underlying psychiatric pathology that precedes the use of drugs, and the combined use of other psychoactive drugs.
The 2014 review suggests that "[b] due to elongated work suggests that the use of cannabis precedes psychotic symptoms, it seems reasonable to assume a causal relationship" between marijuana and psychosis, but that "more work is needed to address the possibility of gene-environment correlation." In the same year, a review tested psychological therapy in addition to people with schizophrenia who used marijuana:
A 2016 meta-analysis found that cannabis use increases the risk of psychosis, and that a dose-response relationship exists between the rate of cannabis use and the risk of psychosis. The analysis is not capable of establishing causal relationships. Another meta-analysis 2016 found that marijuana only uses a predicted transition to psychosis among those who meet the criteria for drug abuse or dependence.
A 2016 review found that epidemiological evidence about the use of marijuana and psychosis is strong enough "to ensure public health messages that cannabis use may increase the risk of psychotic disorders," but also warned that additional studies are needed to determine the effect size.. The 2016 review suggests that existing evidence does not suggest that cannabis causes psychosis, but early or heavy marijuana use is one of the more likely factors found in those at risk of developing psychosis.
Schizophrenia
There is substantial evidence from the statistical relationship between the use of cannabis and the development of schizophrenia or other psychosis, with the highest risk among the most frequent users.
The use of marijuana in adolescence or previously correlated with schizoaffective disorders develops in adult life, although the proportion of these cases is small. Vulnerabilities are most commonly found in users with at least one copy of the polymorphic COMT gene.
Cannabis with the THC to high CBD ratio produces higher psychological effects. CBD may exhibit antipsychotic and neuroprotective properties, acting as antagonists to some THC effects. Studies examining this effect have used high CBD ratios for THC, and it is unclear to what extent these laboratory studies are translated into the type of marijuana used by real life users. Studies have shown that CBDs can safely prevent generalized psychosis.
Depression disorder
Less attention has been given to the relationship between cannabis use and depression, although according to Australian National Drug & amp; The Center for Alcohol Research, it is possible this is because depleted cannabis users are less likely to access treatment than those who suffer from psychosis.
Teen marijuana users do not show any difference from the general population in the incidence of major depressive disorder (MDD), but there is a relationship between premature exposure coupled with persistent use into adulthood and increased incidence of MDD in adulthood. Among marijuana users of all ages, there may be an increased risk of developing depression, with heavy users who seem to have a higher risk.
Symptoms Mania
Among those who have previously been diagnosed with bipolar disorder, cannabis can worsen the occurrence of manic symptoms.
Suicidal behavior
Teen marijuana users do not show differences from their peers in suicidal ideation or suicide attempts, but those who continue using marijuana into adult life show an increased incidence of both, although some other contributing factors are also involved.
In the general population, a weak (indirect) relationship appears to exist between suicidal behavior and marijuana consumption in psychotic and non-psychotic users, although it remains unclear whether regular use of marijuana increases the risk of suicide. The use of marijuana is a risk factor in suicide, but suicide attempts are characterized by many additional risk factors including mood disorders, stress, personal problems and poor support.
Gateway drug hypothesis
The gateway drug hypothesis confirms that the use of soft drugs such as marijuana, tobacco or alcohol can ultimately lead to the use of harsher drugs.
Large-scale longitudinal studies in the UK and New Zealand from 2015 and 2017 show an association between the use of cannabis and increased likelihood of interference later in the use of other drugs.
Physical health
The literature review 2013 says that cannabis exposure "is associated with liver disease (especially with hepatitis C co-infection), lung, heart, and blood vessels". The authors warn that "evidence is needed, and further research should be considered, to prove causal associations of cannabis with many physical health conditions".
Brain
The imaging studies show that long-term exposure does not cause a decrease in white matter or gray matter volume, but can lead to a reduction in hippocampal volume. Variations in the methodology used lend some uncertainty to this conclusion.
Heart and circulation
The acute effects of marijuana use in humans include increased doses depending on the heart rate, usually accompanied by a mild increase in blood pressure while lying down and postural hypotension - a drop in blood pressure when standing. This effect may vary depending on the relative concentrations of many cannabinoids that may affect cardiovascular function, such as cannabigerol. Smoking marijuana reduces exercise tolerance. Cardiovascular effects can not cause serious health problems for the majority of young healthy users; on the contrary, heart attacks, ie myocardial infarction, stroke, and other adverse cardiovascular events, have occurred in relation to their use. The use of cannabis by people with cardiovascular disease poses a health risk because it can lead to increased cardiac work, increased catecholamine levels, and impaired blood oxygen transport capacity due to the production of carboxyhemoglobin.
Cancer
A review of 2012 examining cancer and marijuana relations found little direct evidence that cannabinoids found in cannabis, including THC, are carcinogenic. Cannabinoids are not mutagenic according to the Ames test. However, smoking has been found to be carcinogenic in rodents and mutagenic in the Ames test. The correlation of cannabis use with the development of cancer in humans has been a problem because of difficulties in measuring cannabis use, unmeasured confounding, and that cannabinoids may have anti-cancer effects.
According to the literature review 2013, cannabis can be carcinogenic, but there are methodological limitations in the study making it difficult to establish the relationship between cannabis use and cancer risk. The authors say that bladder cancer appears to be related to the habit of using marijuana, and that there may be a risk for head and neck cancer among long-term users (over 20 years). Gordon and his colleagues say, "there appears to be an increased risk of cancer (especially head and neck, lung, and bladder cancers) for those who use marijuana over a period of time, although the length of time these risks increase is uncertain.
According to a 2006 study, marijuana has been shown to reduce the symptoms that cause chemotherapy, such as nausea and vomiting. Along with relieving the symptoms of chemotherapy, marijuana has been seen to cause apoptosis in cancer cells, or cell death.
Testicular
In 2012 WebMD said that a number of studies have suggested an association between the use of cannabis and increased risk of testicular cancer, but that overall risk remains small and that more research is needed to confirm the findings. According to Gordon and colleagues, "recent studies have shown a link between marijuana use and testicular germ cell tumors".
Lung
There are a limited number of studies that have seen the effects of cannabis smoking on the respiratory system. Chronic heavy marijuana smoke is associated with cough, sputum production, wheezing, and other chronic bronchitis symptoms. Routine marijuana use has not been shown to cause significant abnormalities in lung function.
Routine marijuana smokers show pathological changes in lung cells similar to those that precede the development of lung cancer in tobacco smokers. Gordon and colleagues in the literature review of 2013 said: "Unfortunately, methodological limitations in many of the studies reviewed, including selection bias, small sample size, limited generalizations, and lack of adjustment for tobacco smoking, may limit the ability to link cancer risk exclusively. marijuana. "Reviewing studies tailored for age and tobacco use, they said there was a risk of lung cancer even after adjusting for tobacco use, but that the period of time at which the risk increased was uncertain.
The 2013 review specifically examining the effects of cannabis in the lung concluded "[f] indings of a well-designed epidemiological study did not show an increased risk for the development of lung or upper lung cancer from mild or moderate use, mixed about the possible carcinogenic risks of heavy, long-term use. "
In 2013, the International Lung Cancer Consortium found no significant additional lung cancer risk in tobacco users who also smoked marijuana. They also found no increased risk for cannabis smokers who did not use tobacco. They concluded that "the results collected did not show a significant association between intensity, duration, or cumulative consumption of cannabis smoke and the risk of lung cancer as a whole or never smokers." They caution that "[o] ur results can not preclude the possibility that marijuana can show a correlation with lung cancer risk at very high doses."
Marijuan smoke contains thousands of organic and inorganic chemicals, including many of the same carcinogens as tobacco smoke. Special report 2012 by the British Lung Foundation concludes that smoking marijuana is associated with many adverse effects, including bronchitis and lung cancer. They identified marijuana smoke as a carcinogen and also said awareness of the dangers was low compared to the high awareness of the dangers of tobacco cigarettes especially among younger users. They say there is an increased risk of every marijuana because it smokes smoke and holds it. Marijuana smoke has been listed on the California Proposition 65 caution list as a carcinogen since 2009, but the leaf and pure THC are not.
Head and neck
A 2011 study review in the United States found that although some support the hypothesis that the use of cannabis increases the risk of head and neck cancer, when other factors are calculated for the majority not. Gordon and colleagues (2013) say there is a risk of this cancer associated with the use of marijuana in the long term. The 2015 review found no association with lifelong cannabis use and the development of head and neck cancers.
Respiratory effects
A literature review of 2013 by Gordon and colleagues concluded that inhaled marijuana was associated with lung disease, although the 2013 review of Tashkin has found "no clear association with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease".
Of the various methods of consumption of marijuana, smoking is considered the most dangerous; inhaling smoke from organic matter can cause various health problems (eg, cough and phlegm). Isopren helps to modulate and slow the rate of the reaction, contributing significantly to the quality of partial combustion products significantly from various sources.
Smoking marijuana has been associated with adverse respiratory effects including: chronic cough, wheezing, sputum production, and acute bronchitis. It has been suggested that the common practice of inhaling deep smoke and holding the breath can cause pneumothorax. In some case reports involving immunocompromised patients, pulmonary infections such as aspergillosis have been associated with contaminated cannabis smoking with fungi. Tuberculosis transmission has been associated with cannabis inhalation techniques, such as sharing water pipes and 'Hotboxing'.
Reproductive and endocrine effects
A study published by the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine cites significant evidence for statistical relationships between mothers who smoked marijuana during pregnancy and low birth weight of their babies. Consumption of marijuana in pregnancy is associated with fetal growth restriction, miscarriage, and cognitive deficits in offspring. Although the majority of studies have concentrated on the adverse effects of alcohol, there is now evidence that prenatal exposure to marijuana has a serious effect on brain development and is associated with "deficits in language, attention, cognitive performance areas, and misbehavior in adolescence." A report prepared for the Australian National Drug Board concluded that other cannabis and cannabinoids are contraindicated in pregnancy as they interact with the endocannabinoid system.
Mortality
No fatal overdose associated with the use of cannabis has been reported. Due to the small amount of research that has been done, the evidence is insufficient to show an increased risk of long-term mortality from any cause. Motor vehicle accidents, suicides, and the possibility of respiratory and brain cancer all appeal to many researchers, but no study has shown a consistent increase in mortality from these causes.
See also
- Medical marijuana
- The effects of cannabis
- Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments