Sports addiction is a state characterized by compulsive engagement in any form of physical exercise, despite negative consequences. While regular exercise is generally a healthy activity, exercise addiction generally involves exercising in excessive amounts to the detriment of physical health, spending too much time exercising to the detriment of personal and professional life, and exercising without physical injury. It may also involve a state of dependence on regular exercise that involves the occurrence of severe withdrawal symptoms when the individual can not exercise. Distinguishing between addictive and healthy sports behaviors is difficult, but there are key factors in determining which categories of people fall. Sports addiction shows high comorbidity with eating disorders.
Sports addiction was not listed as an interruption in the fourth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM-IV). This type of addiction can be classified based on behavioral addictions in which one's behavior becomes obsessive, compulsive, and/or causes dysfunction in one's life. Subsequent revisions of the DSM (DSM-5) will include the addiction and related disruption sections; gambling is the only non-substance addiction that may be included. Non-substance addictions, such as sports addiction, are being researched but their inclusion has not yet been determined.
Video Exercise addiction
Classification
A concrete classification of sports addiction has proved difficult because of the lack of a specific and widely accepted diagnostic model. Most of the addiction interpretations have traditionally been limited to drugs and alcohol, which makes it more difficult to identify the tendency of addiction in practice. While excessive exercise is a thorough theme with sports addiction, the term also includes various symptoms such as withdrawal, "buzz exercise", and impaired physical function. Excessive exercise has been classified in different ways; sometimes as an addiction and sometimes as a more general compulsive behavior. Psychiatric case studies have shown that excessive exercise can lead to neglect of work and family life. With addiction, individuals become "addicted" to the feelings of euphoria and pleasure provided by the exercise. This fun makes the individual stop and lead to excessive sports. By coercion people often do not always enjoy repeating certain tasks, because they may feel like doing it will fulfill the obligations demanded of them. There are many opinions as to whether concrete diagnostic criteria should be made for this type of addiction. Some say busy with exercise that causes significant damage in a person's life, not because of other disorders, may be enough criteria to label this annoyance. Others say there is not enough information about sports addiction to develop diagnostic criteria. In 2007, the term "excessive exercise" continues to be used while the model of "addiction exercise" continues to be debated.
Three main types of disorders are associated with excessive exercise:
- Anorexia athletica (compulsory exercise) - When an individual feels compelled to exercise beyond the point of benefiting one's body. Individuals will participate in athletic activities without pain, injury, illness, etc., and will try to organize their lives to maximize training time.
- Bulimia training - When an individual has a meal party followed by a period of high intensity exercise.
- Dysmorphic dysfunction of the body - When a person is obsessed with parts of his body and considers it different or odd. These people will create very regular routines to improve their perception of "defective" body parts.
Maps Exercise addiction
Signs and symptoms
Five indicators of sports addiction are:
- Increased exercises that may be labeled as harming, or becoming harmful.
- The desire to experience euphoria; exercise can be improved when tolerance to the state of euphoria increases.
- Not participating in physical activity will cause dysfunction in one's daily life.
- Severe drug withdrawal symptoms after training loss include anxiety, anxiety, depression, guilt, tension, discomfort, loss of appetite, sleeplessness, and headaches.
- Exercises through trauma and despite physical injury.
The main differences between healthy and addictive exercise levels include withdrawal symptoms when exercise is stopped as well as addictive property exercises may have caused dependence on exercise.
Those who surrender to addiction may experience overtraining, best defined as "poor adaptation conditions to chronic periods of excessive stress caused by physical activity, resulting in the development of syndrome, sacrificing health and exercise performance".
Overtraining includes one or more of the following:
- Persistent muscular pain
- Increased heart rate at rest
- Increased susceptibility to infection
- Increased incidence of injuries
- Insomnia
- Decreased appetite
- Weight
- Performance is interrupted
- Reduced motor coordination and forced production
Sports addiction can also cause mood disorders. Those who undergo rigorous training without rest are quite more likely to experience depression, anger, fatigue and confusion.
In addition, excessive training can lead to autonomic nervous system fatigue. Some of the symptoms include decreased total testosterone levels, an imbalance between testosterone and cortisol, a decrease in sympathetic tone, and a decrease in lactate triggered by exercise. This chemical balance can cause premature osteoporosis, where lack of testosterone accelerates bone loss, and elevated levels of cortisol alter calcium and bone metabolism by "increasing bone reabsorption and decreasing bone formation or calcium intestinal absorption". Lack of calcium nutrition may eventually occur, accelerating early osteoporosis.
Mechanism
By 2016, the mechanisms involved in the development of exercise addiction, linked to the transition from a healthy committing exercise to compulsive exercise, are unknown.
Assessment
Different assessment tools can be used to determine if a person is addicted to exercise. Most tools used to determine the risks of sports addiction are modified tools that have been used to assess other behavioral addictions. Tools for determining eating disorders can also indicate a high risk for exercise addiction.
The Compulsory Training Questioner was created by Thompson and Pasman in 1991, consisting of 20 questions about exercise habits and attitudes towards exercise and body image. Patients respond to statements on a scale of 1 (never) up to 4 (always). The questionnaire helped develop another assessment tool, the Inventory of Exercise Addiction.
The Exercise Addiction Inventory was developed by Terry et al in 2004. The inventory was developed as a self-report to test individual beliefs on sports. The inventory consists of six statements in relation to the perception of sport, about: the importance of exercise for the individual, the conflict of sports relationships, how the mood changes with exercise, the amount of time spent exercising, the result of exercise loss, and the effects of decreased physical activity. Individuals are required to rate each statement from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). If an individual score is above 24 they are said to be at risk for exercise addiction.
Treatment
Behavioral addiction and substance abuse disorders are treated equally; treatment options include exposure and prevention of responses. No drug is approved for the treatment of behavioral addiction. Research has shown promise in the use of glutamatergic converting drugs to treat addictions other than exercise. The comorbid comorbidity exercise in patients with eating disorders can be treated through psychotherapy involving education, behavioral intervention, and a strengthened family support structure. In treating eating disorders, obsessions and compulsions generated by the ideals of body image being obscured will also be treated, this includes sports addiction.
Epidemiology
Most studies focus on adult or student populations, but little is known about the epidemiology of behavioral addiction in adolescence. A study conducted by Villella et al looked at a group of students and the prevalence of various addictions. The result shows that sports addiction is the second most common, after buying compulsive. High-risk groups that seem to be addicted to sports include athletes in sports pushing standards of thinness or appearance, young and medium women, and young men.
Prognosis
Individuals with exercise addiction can place exercises above family and friends, work, injuries, and other social activities. If not identified and treated, sports addiction can cause a significant reduction in one's health.
Comorbidity
Addictions, by definition, include repetitive compulsive behaviors that negatively affect everyday life. There are two ways to classify addictive behaviors: substance addiction and process addiction. Workout addiction is a kind of process addiction, in which a person's mood towards a particular event becomes dependent on addictive behavior. Many educational, work, and social activities are stopped because of excessive exercise. Depression can occur if exercise is ignored or may be caused by repeated physical injuries that limit exercise. Workout addiction is often associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder because sports addicts may have an obsession or a push toward physical activity. Sports addiction is also often associated with eating disorders as a secondary symptom of bulimia or anorexia nervosa. Approximately 39-48% of people who have eating disorders are also addicted to exercise. When diagnosing bulimia, exercise addiction is referred to as the underlying compensatory behavior and indicator disorder. Research also shows the effect of sports addiction not only the development of eating disorders but also their maintenance.
Animal model
Like many diseases and human disorders, animal models are sometimes used to study addiction. For example, volunteers run by rodents, viewed as a model of human voluntary training, have been used to study withdrawal symptoms, such as changes in blood pressure, when wheel access is removed from mice.
See also
- Overtraining
- Neurobiological effects of physical exercise
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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