Drug designers are structural or functional analogs of controlled substances that have been designed to mimic the pharmacological effects of the original drug, while avoiding the classification as illegal and/or detection in standard drug tests. Drug designers include psychoactive substances established by the EU as new psychoactive substances ( NPS ) and performance-enhancing drug analogs such as designer steroids . Some of these were originally synthesized by academic or industrial researchers in an effort to find stronger derivatives with fewer side effects and subsequently co-opted for recreational use. Other designer drugs are being prepared for the first time in a secret laboratory. Because the efficacy and safety of these substances have not been thoroughly evaluated in animal and human trials, the use of some of these drugs can result in unexpected side effects.
The development of a designer's drug may be considered a subset of drug design. Exploration of modifications to known active drugs - such as structural analogs, stereoisomers, and their derivatives - produces drugs that may differ significantly in the effects of their "parent" drugs (eg, indicate increased potency, or decreased side effects). In some cases, the designer's drug has an effect similar to that of other known drugs, but has a completely different chemical structure (eg JWH-018 vs THC). Although it is a very broad term, it applies to virtually every synthetic drug, often used to connote synthetic recreational drugs, sometimes even those that have not been designed at all (eg LSD, psychedelic side effects discovered by accident).
In some jurisdictions, drugs that are very similar in structure to illegal drugs are illegal to trade regardless of the legal status of the drug. In other jurisdictions, their trade is a legal gray area, making it a gray market item. Some jurisdictions may have analog laws that prohibit similar drugs in chemical structures for other drugs, while some designer drugs may be prohibited irrespective of the legal status of structurally similar drugs; in both cases, their trade may occur on the black market.
Video Designer drug
History
United States
1920s-1930s
Following part of the second International Opium Convention in 1925, which specifically prohibited morphine, diacetyl morphine esters, heroin, and a number of alternative esters of morphine were rapidly being produced and sold. The most prominent are dibenzoylmorphine and acetylpropionylmorphine, which have effects almost identical to heroin but are not covered by the Opium Convention. It then led the Health Committee of the League of Nations to issue several resolutions that attempted to bring these new drugs under control, which ultimately led in 1930 with the first broad analogous provisions extending legal control to all morphine esters, oxycodones, and hydromorphone. Another preliminary example of what could be so-called designer drug use, was during the Prohibition era of the 1930s, when diethyl ether was sold and used as an alternative to illegal alcoholic beverages in a number of countries.
1960s-1970s
During the 1960s and 1970s, a number of new synthetic hallucinogens were introduced, with a remarkable example being the powerful sales of DOM tablets in San Francisco in 1967. There is little room for prosecuting people over the current drug analogy, with which new. The compounds were not added to the controlled drug schedule one by one as they became a problem, but one significant court case from this period was in 1973, when Tim Scully and Nicholas Sand were required to make LSD acetyl amides, known as ALD-52. Currently ALD-52 is not a controlled drug, but they are punished for the reason of making ALD-52, they must have LSD, which is illegal. The late 1970s also saw the introduction of various analog phencyclidine (PCP) to the black market.
1980s-early 1990s
The modern use of the term drug designer was created in 1980 to refer to a variety of synthetic opioid drugs, most of which are based on fentanyl molecules (eg? -methylfentanyl). The term gained widespread popularity when MDMA (ecstasy) experienced a popularity boom in the mid-1980s. When the term was coined in the 1980s, various narcotics were sold as heroin on the black market. Many are based on fentanyl or meperidine. One, MPPP, is found in some cases to contain impurities called MPTP, which causes brain damage that can produce syndromes that are identical to Parkinson's disease completely, from only a single dose. Another problem is the powerful fentanyl analog, which is sold as China White, which causes a lot of unintentional overdoses.
Because the government is powerless to prosecute people for these drugs until after they are successfully marketed, the law is passed to give DEA strength to a chemical emergency schedule schedule for a year, with an optional 6-month extension, while gathering evidence to justify permanent scheduling. , as well as the previously mentioned analogous laws. Emergency scheduling power is used for the first time for MDMA. In this case, MDA is scheduled for MDA as a remedy of Schedule I and maintains this classification upon review, although its own judge decides that MDMA should be classified as Schedule III based on the usage shown in medicine. Emergency scheduling strength has subsequently been used for a variety of other drugs including 2C-B, AMT, and BZP. In 2004, the drug piperazine, TFMPP, became the first drug that has been scheduled emergency will be denied a permanent scheduling and return to legal status.
The late 1980s and early 1990s also saw the emergence of methamphetamine in the United States as a widespread public health problem, leading to increased control of precursor chemicals in an effort to reduce domestic drug production. This leads to some emerging alternative stimulant medications, most notably methcathinone and 4-methylaminorex, but, despite attracting sufficient attention from authorities to provoke the legal scheduling of these compounds, their distribution is relatively limited in range and methamphetamine continues to dominate forbidden. synthetic stimulant market as a whole.
The late 1990s-2004
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, there was a huge explosion in designer drugs being sold over the internet. The terms and concepts of "research chemistry" were invented by some designer drug marketers (in particular, psychedelic drugs in tryptamine and phenethylamine families). The idea is that, by selling chemicals like for "scientific research" rather than human consumption, the intent clause of US analog drug laws will be avoided. Nevertheless, DEA raided several suppliers, the first JLF Main Materials, and then several vendors (such as RAC Research) a few years later in the Tryp Web Operations. This process is greatly accelerated when vendors start advertising through search engines like Google by linking their sites to searches on keywords like chemical names and terms like psychedelic or hallucinogen. The widespread discussion of consumptive use and the source of chemicals in public forums also attracted media and authority attention.
In 2004, the US Drug Enforcement Agency stormed and shut down several internet based research chemistry vendors in an operation called Web Tryp . With help from authorities in India and China, two chemical plants were also closed. Many other Internet-based vendors are immediately stopped doing business, although their products are still legal in most parts of the world.
Most substances sold as "research chemicals" in this period of time are hallucinogens and have chemical similarities with drugs such as psilocybin and mescaline. Like other hallucinogens, these substances are often taken for the purpose of facilitating the spiritual process, mental reflection or recreation. Some of the research chemicals on the market are not psychoactive, but can be used as precursors in the synthesis of other potentially psychoactive substances, for example, 2C-H, which can be used to make 2C-B and 2C-I among others. Extensive surveys of structural variations have been conducted by independent pharmaceutical companies, universities and researchers over the last century, from which some of the currently available research chemicals originated. One of the famous researchers is Dr. Alexander Shulgin, who presented the pharmacological synthesis and exploration of hundreds of substances in the books TiHKAL and PiHKAL (written along with Ann Shulgin), and has served as an expert witness for defense in several court case against psychoactive drug manufacturers.
The majority of chemical suppliers sell research chemicals in bulk form as powder, not as pills, since selling in pill form will invalidate claims that they are sold for non-consumptive research. Active doses vary greatly from substance to substance, from micrograms to hundreds of milligrams, but while it is important for end users to weigh doses on a precision scale rather than "eyeballing", many users do not do this and this leads to many room visits emergency and some deaths, which are the main factors that led to the emergency scheduling of some substances and finally the Tryp Web Operations. Some compounds such as 2C-B and 5-Meo-DiPT eventually increase in popularity to the point that they are sold in pill form to reach wider markets, and acquire popular street names ("Nexus" and "Foxy," respectively). Once chemicals reach this kind of popularity, it is usually only a matter of time before being added to the scheduled drug list (ie, illegal).
The late 1990s and early 2000s also saw the use of new anabolic steroids widely by athletes in competition. Steroids have been banned by the International Olympic Committee since 1976, but due to the large number of different anabolic agents available for human and animal use, the laboratory's ability to test all available drugs always lags behind the athlete's ability to discover new ones. compound for use. The introduction of an increasingly formalized testing procedure, especially with the establishment of the World Anti-Doping Agency in 1999, makes it much more difficult for athletes to break away with these drugs without detection, which then leads to novel and potent anabolic synthesis. steroid drugs such as tetrahydrogestrinone (THG), which are not detected by standard tests.
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While through recent history most of the designer's drugs are opioids, hallucinogens, or anabolic steroids, ranges of compounds that may be limited only by scientific literature and patents, and in recent years have been marked by the expansion of the range of compounds sold as designers. drugs. It has included a variety of stimulant designers such as geranamine, mephedrone, MDPV and desoxypipradrol, some sedatives such as methylmethaqualone and premazepam, and sildenafil designer analogs (Viagra), which have been reported as active compounds in "herbal" aphrodisiac products. The cannabinoid designer is another recent development, with two compounds JWH-018 and (C8) -CP 47,497 originally discovered in December 2008 as an active component "herbal smoking mix" sold as a legal alternative to cannabis. Furthermore, various growths of synthetic cannabinoid agonists continue to emerge, including in 2010, new compounds such as RCS-4, RCS-8, and AB-001, which have not been reported in the literature, and appear to have been found. by own designer drug manufacturers. Another novel development is the use of research ligands for cosmetics rather than strict recreational purposes, such as the gray internet market sale of the unknown alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone reinforcing drug known as melanotan peptide.
"... what's new is the various substances that are now being explored, the aggressive marketing of products that have been misinterpreted, the increasing use of the internet, and the speed at which markets react to controlling action."
Mephedrone and cathinon marked a bit of a turning point for the designer's drugs, turning them from unknown and ineffective substances sold in head stores to powerful substances that could compete with classical drugs on the black market. Mephedrone has in particular increased its popularity somewhat skyrocketing in 2009 and media panic has led to its ban in many countries, including, remarkably, China. After this there is a huge emergence of other cathinones that try to mimic the effects of mephedrone, and with a newly attracted customer base, a lot of money to drive innovation.
Furthermore, the market is growing rapidly, with more and more substances being detected every year. In 2009, EMCDDA early warning system found 24 new drugs. In 2010, he found another 41; in 2011, 49 others; and by 2012, there are 73 more. In 2013, 81 others were identified: a total of 268 new drugs in just four years. This is not yet limited to cathinone, with 35% being cannabinoid and the rest comprising stimulants, benzodiazepines, psychedelics, dissociative and to a lesser extent, every other class of drugs, even ibogid and nootropic. By 2017, the largest group of drugs monitored by EMCDDA is synthetic kanabinoid, with 169 different synthetic cannabinoids reported in December 2016.
Maps Designer drug
Security
The safety of research chemicals has not been tested and little if research has been done on the toxicology or pharmacology of most of these drugs. Some, if any, human or animal studies have been done. Many compound studies have resulted in unexpected adverse events and adverse incidents due to lack of screening for off-target effects before marketing; both bromo-dragonflies and mephedrone seem to be able to produce real vasoconstriction in some circumstances, which has resulted in some deaths, although the mechanism remains unclear. Phenethylamines replaced like family 2C and substituted amphetamines such as the DOx family have also caused a number of deaths.
Legal
Due to the recent developments of many designer drugs, laws that prohibit or regulate their use have not yet been developed, and in some cases new drugs have emerged directly in response to legislative measures, to replace similarly recently banned compounds. Many chemicals fall under various analogous drug laws in certain countries, but most countries do not have a common analogous act or equivalent legislation and so new compounds may fall outside the law after only minor structural modifications.
In the United States, the Controlled Substance Act is altered by the Controlled Controlled Substance Control 1986, which seeks to prohibit designers' drugs first by making it illegal to produce, sell, or possess substantially similar chemicals in chemistry and pharmacology for Schedule I or drug Schedule II.
Other countries have dealt with this issue differently. In some, new drugs are banned because they are of concern, such as in Germany, Canada, England, and Sweden. In Sweden, police and customs from April 2011 may also seize drugs that are not on the list of drugs covered by anti-drug laws if police suspect that the purpose of detention is related to drug abuse. After a decision by the prosecutor, the police can destroy the seized drugs.
In Ireland, the Criminal Justice (Psychoactive Substances) Act 2010 prohibits substances based on their psychoactive effects, and is introduced as a catcher all to overcome the time lag between newly emerging substances and they are prohibited on an individual basis. The draft law before the UK parliament as of July 2015 (Draft Psychoactive Act 2015-16) adopted the same approach.
Some countries, such as Australia, have imposed a generic ban but based on chemical structures rather than psychoactive effects: if a chemical fits into a set of rules regarding substitution and change of a drug that has been banned, then it is also prohibited. Brazil adopted the same model as Australia, in a recent decision from ANVISA, which is responsible for determining what constitutes drugs.
Temporary class drugs
Temporary group drugs are relatively new status for controlled drugs, which have been adopted in some jurisdictions, especially New Zealand and Britain, to try to bring newly synthesized designer drugs under legal control. Drug laws controlled in these jurisdictions require drug scheduling decisions to follow evidence-based processes, in which the dangers of drugs are assessed and reviewed so that appropriate legal status can be established. Since many of the designer drugs sold in recent years have little or no published research that can help inform those decisions, they have been widely sold as "legal high", often for months, before enough evidence accumulates to justify putting them on controlled medications. schedule.
Common names
In the UK to avoid being controlled by the Drug Act, a designer drug such as mephedrone has been described as "plant foods," even though the compound has no history used for this purpose.
In the United States, a similar description ( "bath salt" is the most common) has been used to describe mephedrone as well as methylone and methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). Combined with labeling that they are "not for human consumption," this description is an attempt to skirt the Federal Analog Act that prohibits drugs "very similar" to classified medicines from those sold for human use.
Synthetic kanabinoids are known by various names including K2, Spice, Black Mamba, Bombay Blue, Genie, Zohai, Banana Cream Nuke, Krypton, and Lava Red. They are often called "synthetic marijuana," "herbal incense," or "herbal smoking mixtures" and are often labeled "not for human consumption."
List
See also
- Controlled Substances Act
- Controlled Controlled Substance Analog 1986
- New chemical entity
- Tryp Web Operations
- Pharmaceutical companies
- Psychoactive Substances Act 2013 - New Zealand
- Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 - UK prohibits all drugs based on psychoactive effects
- Research chemicals
References
External links
- Table Substance and Classification (31/10/2008) - European Law Database on Drugs Report all controlled substances in at least one EU country in XLS format
- List of Designer Drug Compounds at Chemograph Plus, DigiLab Software GmbH
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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