Crack cocaine , also known simply as crack , is a smokeless form of cocaine-free base. Crack offers short but intense smokers. Manual Treatment of Adolescent Abuse Treatment calls it the most "addictive" form of cocaine (effective). Cocaine crack is commonly used as a recreational drug. Crack was first used extensively in the inner city environments especially in New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington DC, Los Angeles, and Miami in late 1984 and 1985; the rapid increase in use and availability is sometimes referred to as the "crack epidemic".
Video Crack cocaine
Physical and chemical properties
In a purer form, cracked rocks appear as white nuggets with jagged edges, with slightly higher densities than candles. A purer form of crack resembling a brittle hard plastic, in the form of crystals (locked when broken). Cracked rocks act as local anesthetics (see: cocaine), killing the tongue or mouth only if placed directly. A purer form of crack will sink in water or melt at the edges when near fire (cracking evaporates at 90 ° C, 194 ° F).
Crack cocaine sold on the street may be forged or "cut" with other substances that mimic the appearance of crack cocaine to increase bulk. The use of a poison eater such as levamisole has been documented.
Synthesis
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 , ordinary baking soda) is a base used in the preparation of cracks, although other weak bases can replace it. The net reaction when using sodium bicarbonate is
- Coc-H Cl - NaHCO 3 -> Coc H 2 O CO 2 NaCl
Dengan Amonium bicarbonate: 3 -> Coc C 2 H 2 O
Dengan Amonium carbonate:
Crack cocaine is often purchased in stone, though it is not uncommon for some users to "wash" or "cook" cocaine powder into their own crack. This process is often done with baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), water, and spoons. After being mixed and heated, bicarbonate reacts with hydrochloride from cocaine powder, forming free base cocaine and carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ) in a reversible acid-base reaction. Heating accelerates the degradation of carbonic acid into carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and water. Loss of CO 2 prevents the reaction from reversing back to cocaine hydrochloride. Free base cocaine separates as an oily layer, floating above the remaining aqueous phase. It is at this point that oil is taken quickly, usually with long pins or thin objects. It pulls the oil up and spins, allowing air to regulate and dry the oil, and allow the maker to roll oil into a stone-like shape.
Crack evaporates close to 90 ° C (194 ° F), much lower than the 190 ° C (374 ° F) cocaine hydrochloride melting point. While cocaine hydrochloride can not be smoked (burned without effect), cocaine crack when smoking allows rapid absorption into the bloodstream, and reaches the brain in 8 seconds. Cocaine crack can also be injected intravenously with the same effect as cocaine powder. However, while cocaine powder is soluble in water, crack must be dissolved in acidic solutions such as lemon juice or white vinegar, a process that effectively reverses the conversion of cocaine powder to cracking.
Maps Crack cocaine
Use of recreation
Cocaine crack is commonly used as a recreational drug. The effects of crack cocaine include euphoria, confidence, loss of appetite, insomnia, alertness, increased energy, craving for more cocaine, and potential paranoia (ending after use). The initial effect is releasing large amounts of dopamine, a brain chemical that stimulates feelings of euphoria. The height usually lasts from 5-10 minutes, after which the dopamine level in the brain decreases, making the user feel depressed and low. When cocaine (powder) is dissolved and injected, absorption into the bloodstream is at least as rapid as the drug absorption that occurs when crack cocaine is smoked, and similar euphoria may be experienced.
Adverse effects
Because crack is a drug, users can consume fake or "fucked" (bunk) drugs, which can pose additional health risks.
Physiological
Short-term physiological effects of cocaine include narrowed blood vessels, enlarged pupils, and elevated temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. Some cocaine users report feelings of anxiety, irritability, and anxiety. In rare cases, sudden death can occur in the first or unexpected use of cocaine thereafter. Cocaine-related deaths are often the result of a heart attack or seizure followed by breathing.
Like other forms of cocaine, smoking crack can increase heart rate and blood pressure, leading to long-term cardiovascular problems. Some studies have shown that cracking of smoking or cocaine freebase has additional health risks compared to other methods of using cocaine. Many of these problems relate specifically to the release of methylecgonidine and its effects on the heart, lungs, and liver.
- Toxic poison : Many substances may have been added to expand the weight and volume of the batch, while still appearing as pure cracks. Sometimes, highly toxic substances are used, with various short-term and long-term health risks. Adulturants are used with crack and cocaine including milk powder, sugars such as glucose, starch, caffeine, lidocaine, benzocaine, paracetamol, amphetamine, scopolamine and strychnine.
- Smoking Problems : Each route of administration raises its own set of health risks; In the case of crack cocaine, smoking tends to be more dangerous than other routes. Crack users tend to smoke because they have a higher bioavailability than other routes commonly used for drug abuse such as insufflation. Crack has a melting point around 90 Ã, Â ° C (194 Ã, Â ° F) , and the smoke does not stay strong for long. Therefore, crack pipe is generally very short, to minimize the time between evaporation and consumption (thus minimizing potential loss). Having a very hot pipe pressing lips often causes broken lips and blisters, colloquially known as "cracked lips". Use of "store crack pipe" - glass tubes that initially contain small artificial rose - may contribute to this condition. This 4 inch (10 cm) pipe is not durable and will quickly develop the pause; the user can continue to use the pipe even though it has been broken down to a shorter length. Hot pipes may burn lips, tongue, or fingers, especially when passing between people who take hits in sequence, causing shorter pipe to reach a higher temperature than if used by one person only.
- Pure or Large Dosage : Because the quality of the cracks can vary greatly, some people may suck on more diluted cracks, unaware that the same amount of a new purer stack can lead to an overdose.. This can trigger heart problems or cause unconsciousness.
- Pathogen on pipes : When pipes are distributed, bacteria or viruses can be transferred from person to person.
Crack lung
In crack users, acute respiratory symptoms have been reported, sometimes called crack lung . Symptoms include fever, haemoptysis and difficulty in breathing. Within a 48-hour period after use, people with this symptom also had associated radiographic findings in lung xray pulmonary edema, interstitial pneumonia, diffuse alveolar bleeding, and eosinophil infiltration.
Psychological
Abuse of stimulant drugs (especially amphetamines and cocaine) can cause delusional parasitosis (aka Ekbom Syndrome: a false belief that they are full of parasites). For example, excessive use of cocaine can lead to formation, nicknamed "cocaine bugs" or "coke bugs", in which the affected people believe they have, or feel, parasites crawl under their skin. (Similar delusions may also be associated with high fever or in connection with alcohol withdrawal, sometimes accompanied by visual hallucinations of insects.)
People who experience these hallucinations may scratch themselves to the level of serious skin damage and bleeding, especially when they are delirious.
Paranoia and anxiety are among the most common psychological symptoms of cocaine use. Psychosis is more closely related to cracking cocaine smoking than intranasal and intravenous use.
Pregnancy and breast-feeding
"Crack baby" is a term for a child born to a mother who used cocaine during her pregnancy. The threats that cocaine use during pregnancy to a fetus are now considered excessive. Studies show that exposure to prenatal cocaine (apart from other effects such as, for example, alcohol, tobacco, or the physical environment) has no significant effect on the growth and development of childhood. However, the official opinion of the National Institute of Drug Abuse United States warns about health risks while warning against stereotypes:
Many remember that "cracked babies", or babies born to mothers who used cocaine while pregnant, were at one time deleted by many as lost generations. They are predicted to suffer severe irreversible damage, including reduced intelligence and social skills. He then discovers that this is too exaggerated. However, the fact that most of these children appear normal should not be overly interpreted as an indication that there is no reason to be worried. Using advanced technology, scientists now find that exposure to cocaine during fetal development can lead to a subtle but significant deficit, then in some children, including deficits in some aspects of cognitive performance, information processing, and attention to tasks - an essential ability to succeed in school.
There is also a warning about the threat of breastfeeding: "It is very likely that cocaine will reach the baby through breast milk." The March of Dimes suggests the following about the use of cocaine during pregnancy:
The use of cocaine during pregnancy can affect pregnant women and their unborn babies in many ways. During the early months of pregnancy, it can increase the risk of miscarriage. Then in pregnancy, it can trigger premature labor (labor that occurs before 37 weeks of pregnancy) or cause the baby to grow badly. Consequently, cocaine-exposed infants are more likely than unborn babies to be born with low birth weight (less than 5.5 pounds or 2.5 kg). Low birth-weight babies are 20 times more likely to die in the first month of life than normal-weight babies, and face an increased risk of lifelong disabilities such as mental retardation and cerebral palsy. Infants exposed to cocaine also tend to have smaller heads, which generally reflect the smaller brain. Several studies have shown that infants exposed to cocaine are at higher risk of developing birth defects, including urinary tract defects and, possibly, heart defects. Cocaine can also cause an unborn baby to have a stroke, irreversible brain damage, or a heart attack.
Improvement disorder
Tolerance
A considerable tolerance of cocaine may develop, with many addicts reporting that they searched but failed to achieve as much pleasure as they experienced from their first experience. Some users will often increase their dosage to intensify and prolong the effects of euphoria. While tolerance to height may occur, the user may also become more sensitive (drug sensitization) to local cocaine (pain relief) anesthesia and convulsant effects (seizure pushing), without increasing the dose taken; this increased sensitivity may explain some of the deaths occurring after a low dose of cocaine.
Dependency
Crack cocaine is popularly regarded as the most addictive form of cocaine. However, this claim has been contested: Morgan and Zimmer wrote that available data indicate that "... smoking cocaine by itself does not significantly increase the likelihood of dependence.... Claims that cocaine is much more addictive when smoking has to be reviewed." They argues that cocaine users who are vulnerable to abuse are most likely to "move toward a more efficient way of consumption" (ie smoking).
The strong desire to reclaim the initial high is what is highly addictive for many users. On the other hand, Reinarman et al. wrote that the nature of crack addiction depends on the social context in which it is used and the psychological characteristics of the user, indicating that many heavy crack users can go for days or weeks without using drugs.
Overdose
A typical response among users is getting another drug; However, the level of dopamine in the brain takes a long time to replenish themselves, and each successive punch leads to a progressively less intense high point. However, a person may party for 3 days or more without sleep, while inhaling the hits from the pipe.
The use of cocaine in a party, in which the drug is taken repeatedly and with increasing doses, causes a state of increased irritability, anxiety, and paranoia. This can lead to paranoid psychosis, in which the individual loses contact with reality and undergoes auditory hallucinations.
Massive crack cocaine (several hundred milligrams or more) increases the user's height, but can also cause weird, erratic, and rough behavior. A large number may cause tremors, vertigo, muscle twitching, paranoia, or, with repeated doses, toxic reactions that closely resemble amphetamine intoxication.
Society and culture
Synonyms
atari; base; bazooka; beamers; beemers; bebe; bees; berry; bing; bolo; bomb; big Stone; big Stone; butter; caine; cane; Casper; Casper ghost; cavvy; chemical material; chewies; cloud; cloud nine; crills; crunchiness and chewing; dive; famous dime; fan; fish scales; French fries; fry; glo; golf ball; gravel; gnash; hail; meat sandwich; helpers; hubba; ice Cube; kangaroo; cibbles and bits; cibbles; krills; lightem; pasta; patico; gravel; pee wee; pony; raw; ready; ready stone; stone redi; roca; stone; Rooster; rox; Roxanne; fast movement; Scotty; scramble; objections; seven ups; sherm; sherms; hail; snowball; stone; tooth; tension; top guns; tweak; last; wash; White clouds; work; yahoo; yay; yayoo; yeah-o; yeyo; yeo; yuck.
Combination of drug
Crack cocaine can be combined with amphetamine ("croack"); tobacco ("coolies"); marijuana ("buddha"; "caviar"; "chronic"; "puff chocolate"; "fry daddy"; "gimmie"; "gremmie"; "juice"; "primo"; "torpedo"; "turbo"; "woolie ";" woola "); heroin ("moon rock"); and phencyclidine ("clicker"; "p-funk"; "spacebase").
Consumption
Crack smoking ("hitting the pipe"; "puffing"; "beaming (for Scotty)") is commonly done with equipment such as pipes ("bowl"; "devil's dick"; "glass dick"; "horn"; "Uzi" ); improvised pipes made of plastic bottles ("Masarati"); water pipes ("bong"; "hubbly-bubbly"); and laboratory pipette ("demo").
Legal status
Cocaine is listed as a drug of Schedule I of the 1961 United Nations Convention on Narcotics Drugs, making it illegal for production, manufacture, export, import, distribution, trade, use and non-state ownership. In most countries (except in the US) crack belongs to the same category as cocaine.
Australia
In Australia, crack belongs to the same category as cocaine, which is listed as a controlled drug Schedule 8, which indicates that substances and preparations for therapeutic use in this category have high potential for abuse and addiction. This is permitted for some medical uses, but otherwise prohibited.
Canada
As the substance of Schedule I under the Drug and Controlled Drug Act, crack is not distinguished from cocaine and other cocaine products. However, the court may consider the socio-economic factors of the use of cracks in punishment. As a guide, Drug Schedule I carries a maximum imprisonment of 7 years for possession of alleged offenses and life imprisonment for trade and production. A confidence in the assertion of ownership carries a fine of $ 1000- $ 2000 and/or 6 months to one year in prison.
United States
In the United States, cocaine is a drug Schedule II under the Controlled Substance Act, which indicates that it has a high potential for abuse but also carries the goal of treatment. Under the Controlled Substance Act, crack and cocaine are considered the same medicine.
The 1986 Anti-Drug Act increased the penalty for the use and use of crack cocaine. He mandated a mandatory five-year minimum penalty without parole for having five grams of cracks; to receive the same sentence with cocaine powder, one must have 500 grams. This penalty gap is reduced from 100 to 1 to 18 by 1 by the 2010 Fair Judgment Act.
Europe
In the United Kingdom, crack is a Class A drug under the Drug Abuse Act 1971. In the Netherlands it is a List 1 Opium Law medicine.
Political scandal
Rob Ford, Toronto's 64th mayor, filmed cracked cigarettes while he was in the office.
See also
- CIA and Contras cocaine trade in the US
- Pasta cocaine ("paco")
- Structurally related chemicals: proparacaine, tetracaine, lidocaine, procaine, hexylcaine, bupivacaine, benoxinate, mepivacaine, prilocaine, etidocaine, benzocaine, chloroprocaine, propoxycaine, dyclonine, dibucaine, and pramoxine.
References
Further reading
- Cooper, Edith Fairman, The emergence of cocaine crack abuse , Publisher Nova, 2002
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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