Addictive psychology is largely composed of clinical psychology and abnormal psychological disciplines and encourages the application of information gained from research in an attempt to diagnose, evaluate, treat, and support clients appropriately with regard to addiction. Throughout the treatment process psychologists addicted to encouraging behaviors that build health and emotional resilience for their physical, mental and emotional problems.
The basis of addiction is controversial. Professionals see it as a disease or choice. One model is called the disease addiction model. The second model is the addiction choice model. The researchers argue that the process of addiction such as the disease model with target organs is the brain, some types of defects, and symptoms of the disease. Addiction is like a choice model with gene disorders, gifts, memories, stress, and choices. [21] Both models produce compulsive behavior.
Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Dialectal Behavior Therapy, and Behaviorism is a widely used approach to overcoming Process Addiction and Substance Addiction. Less common approaches are Eclectic, Psychodynamic, Humanistic, and Expressive therapies. [1] Addiction to substance related to drugs, alcohol, and smoking. Process addiction deals with behavior that is not related to substances such as gambling, shopping, sexual activity, games, internet, and food.
The oldest definition psychics addiction is that addicts have a lack of self-control. The addicted party wants to abstain, but they can not resist the temptation. Addicts lose control of their actions. It is seen that an addict fights with their addiction and wants to abstain and gain control over their actions.
Video Addiction psychology
History
The word 'addiction' was traced back to the 17th century. During this period, addiction is defined as being forced to act out of a number of bad habits. People who abuse narcotics are called opium and 'eater' morphine. 'Drunkard' is called an alcohol abuser. Medical textbooks categorize these 'bad habits' as dipsomania or alcoholism. However, it was only in the 19th century when the diagnosis was first printed in the medical literature. In the 1880s, Sigmund Freud and William Halsted began experimenting with cocaine users. Unaware of the high quality of powerful addictive drugs, they inadvertently become guinea pigs in their own research and, as a result, their contributions to psychology and medicine change the world.
While working at the Vienna Public Hospital (Vienna Krankenhaus), in Austria, cocaine dominated Freud's life when he discovered cocaine to calm his migrants. When the cocaine effect decreases, the amount of consumption of Freud cocaine increases. With information about the nature of cocaine pain suppression, doctors began prescribing cocaine to patients who needed pain relief.
Not knowing Freud and Halsted's experiments with cocaine, American Doctor W.H. Bentley conducted his own similar experiments. The Medicus Index published an article explaining how he managed to treat patients with opium and alcohol addiction. In the late 1800s the use of cocaine as a recreational drug spread like epidemics around the world.
As cocaine continues to spread, doctors begin to look for ways to treat patients with opium, cocaine, and alcoholism. Doctors argue for the existence of an 'addictive personality' label but believe Freud's quality (bold risk taking, emotional scarring, and psychic turmoil) is from those who foster an 'addictive personality'.
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Doctor Sigmund Freud, born on May 6, 1856, in Freiberg, Moravia (an area now known as Pribor in the Czech Republic), is instrumental in the field of psychology. Dream interpretation and psychoanalysis (also known as speech therapy) are two of his famous contributions. Psychoanalysis is used to treat many conditions including addiction. As one of the most influential thinkers of the twentieth century, he changed the way we see ourselves and communicate our perceptions as some of his theories have been popularized and the terms he creates have entered the common language.
Theories about mental health, personality development and illness developed by Freud are considered highly controversial. According to Freud, people are blessed with three levels of consciousness: conscious, unconscious, and unconscious, where the conscious level refers to what we fully appreciate, conscious is what people can realize if they become more attentive, and unconscious levels includes facts that can not be realized by humans. The goal of therapy is to change consciousness into consciousness.
William Halsted, born on September 23, 1852, in New York City, received a medical degree in 1877. Throughout his medical career as a surgeon he contributed a surgical technique that ultimately led to improved patient outcomes after surgery. During Halsted's professional career, he (along with Freud) conducted experiments with drug cocaine. While their research is in the process they become guinea pigs for their own experiments when they become addicted to cocaine. In 1884 he became the first to describe how cocaine can be used as a local anesthetic when injecting into the sensory nerve trunk, and how local ischemia extends the anesthetic properties of the drug.
G. Alan Marlatt is a pioneer in the field of addiction psychology. Born in Vancouver, British Columbia, in 1941, he spent his professional career as an addiction psychologist, researcher, and director of the University of Washington's Addictive Behavior Research Center and a professor in the Department of Psychology. Marlatt adopted the theory of harm reduction, and developed scientifically-tested ways to prevent addict slip from relapse. He understands that expecting the immediate and complete restrictions of the addicts often makes the junkies afraid to seek the help they need and deserve. Marlatt died on March 14, 2011.
A. Thomas McLellan was born in 1949 in Staten Island, New York. He is a professor at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine at the Center for Studies of Addiction. McLellan serves or has served on the editorial board as a review of medical and scientific journals, and as an advisor to government and nonprofit organizations including the National Practice Laboratory of the American Psychiatric Association, and the World Health Organization. He is co-founder and chief executive of the Treatment Research Institute located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. McLellan has been conducting research for decades for the efficacy of treatment for substance abuse patients, and is recognized both nationally and internationally as an addiction psychologist. He is also known for the development of the Syndrome Addiction Index or ASI and serves as editor-in-chief of the Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment and a representative of the National Drug Control, Research and Evaluation Policy Officer.
Arnold Washton has specialized in addiction since 1975 and is an addiction psychologist known for his work in the development of a therapeutic approach to the treatment of drug and alcohol abuse. She is the author of many professional journal books and articles on care and addiction. He is a lecturer, doctor, researcher, and has served on the advisory committee for the US Food and Drug Administration. Washton is the founder and executive director of Recovery Options, a personal addiction treatment practice located in New York City and Princeton, New Jersey.
William L. White is a Senior Research Consultant at Chestnut Health Systems, an addiction counselor, researcher and addiction writer for over 45 years. He wrote over 400 papers and 18 books. He received awards from the National Association of Addiction Treatment Providers (NAATP), the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Addiction, (NAADAC), the Association of Professional Addiction and the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM).
Maps Addiction psychology
Dependency
Addiction is a progressive disease and psychiatric disorder defined by the American Society of Addiction Medicine as "chronic disease, major brain reward, motivation, memory and related circuits." It is characterized by an inability to control behavior, it creates dysfunctional, emotional responses, and it affects the ability of users to abstain from substance or behavior consistently Psychology Today defines addiction as "a condition that can occur when a person consumes substances such as nicotine, cocaine, or, alcohol or engages in an activity. such as gambling or shopping/shopping. "
When a non-addict takes drugs or performs behavior for the first time he does not automatically become an addict. Over time, non-addicts choose to continue to engage in behavior or ingesting substances because of the pleasure that non-addicts receive. Addicts have now lost the ability to choose or sacrifice behavior or substance and behavior into compulsive actions. Changes from non-addicts to addicts occur largely from the effects of prolonged use of substances and behavioral activity on brain function. Addiction affects brain circuits of reward and motivation, learning and memory, and inhibition control over behavior.
There are various schools of thought on addictions and addictive terms when referring to drugs and behavior. One of the beliefs held is that "drug dependence" is synonymous with "addiction." The second belief is that the two terms are not equal to each other. According to DSM, the clinical criteria for "drug dependence" (or what we call addiction) include compulsive drug use despite harmful consequences; inability to stop taking drugs; failure to fulfill work, social or family obligations; and, sometimes (depending on the drug), tolerance and withdrawal.
The latter reflects the physical dependence on which the body adapts to the drug, requiring more to achieve a certain effect (tolerance) and bring up specific physical or mental symptoms of the drug if drug use suddenly stops (withdrawal). Physical dependence can occur with the chronic use of many drugs - including proper and appropriate medical use. Thus, physical dependence is not an addiction, but often accompanies addiction. These differences can be difficult to distinguish, especially with prescribed pain medications, where the need to increase the dosage may represent a worsening tolerance or underlying problem, as opposed to early harassment or addiction.
There are some addictive characteristics that are detached from the common stock type. Behavior provides a fast and powerful way of changing the mood, mind, and sensation of a person that occurs because of the physiology and expectations learned. The trigger factor is immediate relapse, relapse time and relapse rate after treatment is high.
American Psychological Association
The American Psychological Association (APA) is a professional psychological organization and is the largest associate psychologist in the United States. More than 100,000 researchers, educators, doctors and students support the association through their membership. Their mission "is to promote the creation, communication, and application of psychological knowledge to benefit society and improve people's lives."
APA supports 54 divisions, two of which are related to addiction. Division 50, Society of Addiction Psychology promotes progress in research, professional training, and clinical practice in a variety of addictive behaviors. Addictive behaviors include the use of alcohol, nicotine and other troubled drugs, as well as disorders involving gambling, eating, shopping, and sexual behavior. Division 28, Psychopharmacolgy and Substance Abuse promote teaching, research, and dissemination of information about the effects of drugs on behavior.
The College of Professional Psychology (CPP), organized by the American Psychological Association Practice Organization, previously offers certificates for psychologists who demonstrate proficiency in the psychological treatment of alcohol and other substance-related disorders. CPP maintains a certificate of proficiency for those who obtained it before 2011. The Community Addictions Psychology Certificate will be replaced while the Institute checks other channels for professional credentials in addiction treatment.
Dependency is not "Disease"
40 years ago people were more judgmental of people with addiction than now. Addiction is considered an abnormal and lost discipline and morality in their self-focused lives. When the idea of ​​becoming addicted to a disease is brought to life, people tend not to look down on the addicts. Addiction has very little in common with disease. Addiction is a behavior and a choice not a disease of its own. Addiction is self-acquired and can not be contagious, contagious, autoimmune, hereditary, degenerative, or traumatic. Disease is a disease, disease, or disease. Addiction is the symptom of choice for using drugs and alcohol. Addiction is an option, not a disease. Abstinence is the number one drug addiction drug. There is no requirement for medical intervention to treat addiction, such as surgery.
Addiction as Disease
It seems that wherever a person finds poisoning, people may find it addictive. Recently the researchers argue that the process of addiction is like a disease model, with target organs, disabilities, and symptoms of the disease. In other accounts, addiction is a disorder of genes, gifts, memory, stress, and choice.
Model of Disease in Addiction
According to the new disease model, rather than being a disease in the conventional sense, addiction is a disease of choice. That is, it is a disorder of the part of the brain needed to make the right decision. When a person becomes addicted to cocaine, the ventral tegmentum nucleus accumbens in the brain are organs. Defect is a stress induced hedonic regulation.
Understand the impact that genes, gifts, memories, stress, and choices on individuals will begin to explain the Model of Addiction Disease.
Genetic
The genetic makeup of an individual determines how they respond to alcohol. What causes a person to become more vulnerable to addiction is their genetic makeup. For example, there is a genetic difference in how people respond to methylphenidate injections (Ritalin).
Hadiah
Increased dopamine is correlated with increased pleasure. For that reason, dopamine plays an important role in strengthening the experience. He tells the brain that the drug is better than expected. When an individual uses drugs, there may be a dopamine surge in the midbrain, which can lead to a shift in the "threshold" of the individual's pleasure (see figures one and two).
Memori
Neurokimiawi, glutamate is the most abundant neurochemistry in the brain. This is very important in memory consolidation. When an addict finds addictive behavior, glutamate plays a role by creating drug cues. It is neurochemistry in motivation that initiates drug search, thus creating an addiction.
Stres
When the stress of the brain can not reach homeostasis. As a result, the brain returns to the allostasis, which in turn alters the brain's ability to process pleasure, which is experienced in the "set point" hedonis (see figure one). Thus, previous fun may no longer be enjoyable. This is also known as anhedonia, or "deafness." When stressed, the addict may experience extreme desire - an intense, emotional, obsessive experience.
Options
An addict may inflict damage to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and prefrontal cortex (PFC). This damage causes the tendency to choose small and immediate rewards for greater but delayed rewards, deficits in response to social awareness of social cues, and the failure of executive functions such as sensitivity to consequences.
Licensed Practitioners
Many degrees provide space for addiction treatment. The educational background gained by every professional will have in common but the philosophy and point of view from which the material presented can vary. The amount of education required before earning a certificate or degree also varies. Some of the better known fields of study include.
- Psychologist
- Psychiatrist
- Licensed Counseled Social Worker
- Licensed Social Worker
- Licensed Professional Advisor
- Paraprofessional
Certification Acknowledged in the Field of Addiction Psychology
Many certifications are recognized in the field of addiction psychology. Each has its own requirements.
- Certification for Candidate Candidate for Alcohol and Drugs.
- Trust and Substance Abuse of Credentials.
- Certified Chemical Dependency Counselor.
- Substance Abuse of Advisor/Certified Addiction Advisor.
- Professional Certified Addiction.
- Counselor on the Handling of Certified Addictions.
- Certification Combined With Other Degrees.
Treatment
Addictive processes and behavioral addictions have many dimensions that cause chaos in many aspects of the life of the addict. The treatment program is not a one-size-fits-all phenomenon, so there is a different modalities or treatment level. Effective treatment programs combine many components to discuss each dimension. Addicts suffer from psychological dependence and some may suffer from physical dependence.
Helping to stop using drugs is not enough. Addiction treatment should also help individuals maintain a drug-free lifestyle, and achieve productive functions in the family, at work, and in the community. Addiction is a disease that changes the structure and function of the brain. Brain circuits take months or years to recover once the addict recovers.
This might explain why drug abusers are at risk for recurrence even after a long time of abstinence and despite potentially damaging consequences. Research shows that most individuals who are addicted need at least 3 months in treatment to significantly reduce or stop their drug use, but treatment over 3 months has a greater success rate. Recovery from addiction is a long-term process.
Care Modalities
The modalities or levels of care required for a patient are decided by the caring professional in relation to the patient whenever possible. As expected patients receiving treatment will likely take a step forward and backward the level of care will likely fluctuate. Common modalities are explained.
Detoxification and Withdrawal Medically Managed
The process when the body deflating drugs is called detoxification, and usually along with the withdrawal side effects that vary depending on the substance and are often unpleasant and even fatal. Your doctor may prescribe medications that will help reduce withdrawal symptoms while addicts receive treatment in inpatient or outpatient settings. Detoxification is generally regarded as a precursor or first stage of treatment as it is designed to manage the acute and potentially harmful physiological effects of stopping drug use.
Long Term Occupancy
The treatment is structured and operates 24 hours a day. Residents will remain in care from the usual 6 to 12 months while developing accountability, responsibility and socialization skills. Activities are designed to help addicts recover from destructive behavior patterns while adopting positive behavior patterns. Constructive methods for interacting with others and increasing self-esteem are the focus of other areas. The therapeutic community model is an example of a treatment approach. Many therapeutic communities provide a more comprehensive approach to incorporating job training and other support services.
Short-Term Occupancy
An average short-term housing program of 3-6 weeks in a residential neighborhood. This intensive program is followed by broader outpatient care to include individual and/or group therapy, 12-step Anonymous programs, or other forms of support. Because of the short duration of this modality it is even more important for the individual to remain active in an outpatient treatment program to help reduce the risk of relapse after residential treatment.
Outpatient Program
Outpatient care programs vary on the services offered and their intensity. This is more affordable and may be more suitable for patients who are employed full-time and/or who have gained a lot of social support. Outpatient programs may include group and/or individual therapy, intensive outpatient programs, and partial hospitalization. Some outpatient programs are also designed to treat patients with health problems or other mental problems other than their drug disorders.
Individualized Drug Counseling
Individual drug consultations not only focus on reducing or stopping illegal drug use or alcohol; it also discusses areas related to functional malfunctions such as employment status, illegal activities, and family/social relationships as well as the content and structure of a patient recovery program. Through its emphasis on short-term behavioral goals, individualized counseling helps patients develop coping strategies and tools to distance themselves from drug use and maintain abstinence. The addiction counselor encourages the participation of 12 steps (at least once or twice per week) and makes referrals to the necessary medical, psychological, occupational and other services.
Group Counseling
Outpatient treatment options are facilitated by care providers and used to extend the support systems already possessed by patients. The Group fosters a non-judgmental environment that allows patients to meet and discuss the difficulties and success of their addictions while providing the ongoing support necessary to succeed with recovery.
Intensive Outpatient Program (IOP)
As the name implies, this is an outpatient treatment option designed for addicts who for various reasons do not have the opportunity to attend an inpatient treatment program, but who otherwise would not be able to receive the level of support needed to recover from their addiction. Programs vary in duration based on patient needs. Due to a lower support level, the IOP offered is often used as a step back from patients who leave hospitalization but still require intensive therapy.
Prevention, Relapse & amp; Recovery
Therapeutic Orientations & amp; Approach
In 1878 the Medicus Index published a study conducted and written by the American physician W.H. Bentley. Bentley's study illustrates his success in treating patients who are addicted to 'poppy habits' with cocaine. Two years later he reported success in treating poppy and alcohol abuse with cocaine. Today, one swapping addiction to another is referred to as crossover addiction.
Various treatment approaches are used by healthcare professionals to give their clients the highest level of success to overcome their addiction. There is no specific approach and often the therapist will use some techniques.
- Behaviorism. ".
- Humanistic Therapy.
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).
- Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT).
- Psychodynamics.
- Expressive.
- Integrative.
- Harm Reduction.
- Eclectic.
- Animal Help Therapy.
Further reading
- Integrative Therapy: 100 Key Points and Techniques; Maria Gilbert, the Vanja Orlans book listed here which may be interesting but not included if they have been cited in the article
- Hubbard, R.L.; Craddock, S.G.; Flynn, P.M.; Anderson, J.; and Etheridge, R.M. A description of the 1-year follow-up result in the Study of Drug Abuse Treatment Results (DATOS). Addictive Psychology 11 (4) 291-298, 1998.
- Miller, M.M. Traditional approach to addiction treatment. In: A.W. Graham and T.K. Schultz (eds.), Principles of Addiction Medicine (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Society of Addiction Medicine, 1998.
- Simpson, D.D., and Brown, B.S. Drug retention and follow-up results in the Study of Drug Abuse Treatment Results (DATOS). Addictive Psychology 11 (4) 294-307, 1998.
- The Institute of Medicine. Treating Drug Problems. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1990.
See also
- Structural neuroplasticity associated with addiction
- Addicted vulnerability
- Added by Design
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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