The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was the first of a series of significant consumer protection laws enacted by Congress in the 20th century and led to the creation of the Food and Drug Administration. Its main purpose is to ban foreign and interstate traffic in food products and contaminated or incorrectly labeled drugs, and direct the US Chemical Bureau to inspect the products and refer the offenders to the prosecutor. It is necessary that the active ingredients be placed on the drug packaging label and that the drugs can not fall below the purity level set by the United States Pharmacopoeia or the National Formulary. The Jungle by Upton Sinclair is an inspirational part that keeps the public paying attention to the important issues of an unclean meat processing factory which then leads to food inspection legislation.
Video Pure Food and Drug Act
Arti historis
The Pure Food and Drug Act 1906 is a key part of the Era Progressive law, signed by President Theodore Roosevelt on the same day as the Federal Meat Inspection Act. The Enforcement of the Food and Pure Drug Act was assigned to the Bureau of Chemistry at the US Department of Agriculture named the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1930. The Meat Examination Act was assigned to what is now known as Food Safety Services and Inspection, which remains in the US Department of Agriculture. The first federal law governing food and medicine, the 1906 range of the Act is limited to foods and medicines operating in interstate commerce. Although the law attracts many precedents, provisions, and legal experiments pioneered in each state, federal law defines "misunderstanding" and "forgery" for the first time and establishes punishment for individual countries. The law recognizes the US Pharmacopoeia and the National Formulary as the standard authority for pharmaceuticals, but does not make similar provisions for federal food standards. The law is in principle a law of "truth in a label" designed to raise standards in the food and medicine industry and protect the reputation and purse of honest entrepreneurs.
Maps Pure Food and Drug Act
Certain drugs that are considered harmful
By law, drug labels, for example, must include 10 ingredients that are considered "addictive" and/or "harmful" to the product label if they exist, and can not include them if they do not exist. Alcohol, morphine, opium, and marijuana are all included in this list of "addictive" and/or "dangerous" drugs. The law also establishes federal cadre of federal food and drug reviewers who are opposed to Southern law being criticized as "Trojan horses with many inspectors and other employees." The punishment under the law is simple, but the underappreciated provisions of the law are much stronger than monetary sanctions. Items found to violate the various fields of law are subject to foreclosure and destruction at the expense of the manufacturer. That, combined with the legal requirement that all beliefs be published as Decision Notice, proves to be an important tool in law enforcement and has a deterrent effect on potential violators. Deficiencies in this original law, which had become apparent in 1920, led to the replacement of the 1906 law with the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act passed in 1938 and signed by President Franklin Roosevelt. This action, together with its many amendments, remains the legal basis for federal regulations of all food, drugs, biological products, cosmetics, medical equipment, tobacco, and radiation-emitting devices by the US Food and Drug Administration.
The transition history
It took 27 years of law in 1906, during which time the public was made aware of many problems with food and medicine in US Muckraking journalists, such as Samuel Hopkins Adams, targeting the patent drug industry with its high alcoholic content patents, soothing syrup for babies with opium derivatives, and "red clauses" in newspaper contracts that provide patent drug ads (which most newspapers are at the time dependent) will be withdrawn if the paper expresses support for drug and food regulatory legislation. Chief Chemist from the Chemistry Bureau, Dr. Harvey Washington Wiley, drew the country's attention with his study of hygienic tables, beginning with the endorsement of a simple Congress in 1902. The purpose of the table test was to study the human effects of common preservatives used in food during periods of rapid change in food supply caused by the need to feed the city and support an industrialized country that is increasingly dependent on immigrant labor. Wiley recruits young men to eat all their food at the common table while adding preservative "doses" including borax, benzoate, formaldehyde, sulfites, and salicylates. The table test captured the nation's cheerfulness and was soon dubbed "The Poison Squad" by a newspaper covering the news. The men immediately adopted the motto "Only Dare to eat the fare" and sometimes the publicity given to the trial becomes a burden. Although much of the proceeds from the trial took place in disputes, there is no doubt that formaldehyde is dangerous and disappears rapidly as a preservative. Wiley himself felt that he had found the detrimental effects of a large dose of each preservative and the public seemed to agree with Wiley. In many cases, especially with ketchup and other spices, the use of preservatives is often used to disguise unhealthy production practices. Although the law itself does not prohibit the use of some of these preservatives, consumers are getting away from many products with known preservatives.
The 1906 Act regulates food and medicine in interstate commerce and prohibits the manufacture, sale, or transportation of toxic patent medicines. The law came about because of public education and exposure of public interest guardians such as Upton Sinclair and Samuel Hopkins Adams, social activist Florence Kelley, researcher Harvey W. Wiley, and President Theodore Roosevelt.
Beginning of the Food and Drug Administration
The 1906 Act paves the way for the eventual creation of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and is generally regarded as the date of the foundation of the institution, even though it exists before the law is passed and is not named FDA until later. "While Food and Drug Measures remain the basic law of the FDA's mission, it is not the law that created the FDA. [Initially, the Chemistry Bureau (FDA pioneer) regulates food security.In 1927, the Bureau was reorganized into the Food, Drug and Insecticide Administration and the Bureau of Chemistry and Land FDIA was renamed FDA in 1930. "
The law itself was largely superseded by the much more comprehensive Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act.
Enforcement of labeling and future consequences
The Food and Pure Drug Act initially deals with making sure the product is properly labeled. Efforts were then made to ban certain unsafe products, followed by attempts to ban safe but ineffective products. For example, there was an attempt to ban Coca-Cola in 1909 because of its excessive caffeine content; caffeine has replaced cocaine as an active ingredient in Coca-Cola in 1903. In this case United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola, the judge found that Coca-Cola has the right to use caffeine because it looks good, even though Coca-Cola eventually lost when the government appealed to the Supreme Court. This reached a settlement with the United States government to reduce the amount of caffeine.
In addition to caffeine, the Food and Drug Act requires drugs such as alcohol, cocaine, heroin, morphine, and marijuana, labeled accurately with content and dosage. Previously many drugs were sold as patent drugs with secret ingredients or misleading labels. Cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and such drugs continue to be legally available without a prescription as long as they are labeled. It is estimated that sales of patented drugs containing opiates decreased by 33% after labeling was mandated. The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was cited by supporters of drug policy reforms such as James P. Gray as a successful model for the re-legalization of currently banned drugs by requiring accurate labels, purity and dose monitoring, and education consumer.
References
Source
External links
- 59th US Congress (December 14, 1905). "S. 88, Draft of Food and Drug Laws". Chapter 3915, quoting 34 U.S. Statistics. 768 . US Capitol Visitor Center . Retrieved April 8, 2013 .
- 59th US Congress (1906). "THE WILEY ACT". Public Law Number 59-384, 34 Stat. 768 . US Food and Drug Administration . Retrieved April 8, 2013 .
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