otaku ( ???/??? ) is a Japanese term for people with an obsessive interest, generally against anime and manga fandom. Its contemporary usage comes from Akio Nakamori 1983 essay at Manga Burikko . otaku may be used as a condescending person; negativity comes from the view of otaku stereotypes and media reports about Tsutomu Miyazaki, "Otaku Killers", in 1989. According to research published in 2013, the term is becoming less negative, and more and more people are now identifying themselves. as otaku, both in Japan and elsewhere.
Otaku subculture is a central theme of various anime and manga works, documentaries and academic research. The subculture began in the 1980s as a change of social mentality and caring of otaku characters by Japanese schools combined with the resignation of these people to become social outcasts. The birth of this subculture coincides with the anime boom, after the release of works like Mobile Suit Gundam before branched out into Comic Market. The otaku definition becomes more complex, and many otaku classifications appear. In 2005, the Nomura Research Institute divided the otaku into twelve groups and estimated the size and market impact of each of these groups. Other institutions have split it further or focus on the interests of a single otaku. This publication classifies different groups including anime, manga, camera, car, idol, and electronic otaku. The otaku economic impact is estimated at ¥ 2 trillion ($ 18 billion).
Video Otaku
Etimologi
otaku is derived from the Japanese term for the home or family of another person ( ??, otaku ). This word is often used metaphorically, as an honorary second person pronoun. In this usage, the literal translation is "you". For example, at the beginning of the anime Macross , first aired in 1982, characters Hikaru Ichijyo and Lynn Minmay used this term to talk to each other, until they got to know each other better. The modern slang shape, which is distinguished from older use by written only in hiragana (???), katakana (??? or, less often, ???) or rarely in r? Maji, first appeared in public discourse in the 1980s, through the humorous work and the essayist Akio Nakamori. His 1983 series Research for "Otaku" ( ???????? , "Otaku" no Kenky ) , printed in lolicon magazine Burikko manga, applying the term to an unpleasant fan in a caricature. Animator Haruhiko Mikimoto and Sh? Ji Kawamori has used the term among themselves as the honorable second person pronoun since the late 1970s. Supposedly, some fans use it past the point in their relationship where others will move to a less formal style. Because this abuse shows social awkwardness, Nakamori chose the word itself to label fans. Morikawa Kaichir?, A writer and lecturer at Meiji University, identified this as the origin of his contemporary usage.
Another claim for the origin of the term comes from the works of science fiction writer Motoko Arai, who uses the word in his novel as a second person pronoun and readers adopt the term for themselves. However, different claims point to the 1981 magazine's Variety Edition.
In 1989, Tsutomu Miyazaki's case, "The Otaku Murderer", brought fandom, very negative, of national concern. Miyazaki, who randomly selects and kills four girls, has a collection of 5,763 videotapes, some containing anime and slasher films that were found interspersed with videos and pictures of his victims. Later that year, the contemporary knowledge magazine Bessatsu Takarajima dedicated the 104th issue to the otaku topic. It's called Otaku no Hon ( ????? , turn on. Book Otaku ) and dig an otaku subculture with 19 articles by otaku insiders, among them Akio Nakamori. This publication has been claimed by Rudyard Pesimo scholar to popularize the term.
Maps Otaku
Usage
In modern Japanese, the term otaku is mostly equivalent to "geek" or "geeky", but in a more insulting way than used in the West. However, it may relate to any fan of a particular theme, topic, hobby, or entertainment form. "When these people are referred to as otaku, they are judged for their behavior - and people suddenly see" otaku "as people who can not relate to reality". The word comes in English as a loan word from Japanese. This is usually used to refer to anime/manga fans but can also refer to Japanese video games or Japanese culture in general. The American magazine Otaku USA popularized and covered these aspects. The use of words is a source of contention among some fans, due to negative connotations and fandom stereotypes. A vast exposure of English to this term came in 1988 with the release of Gunbuster , which refers to anime fans as otaku. Gunbuster was officially released in English in March 1990. The use of this term spread throughout rec.arts.anime with a discussion of Otaku no Video's description of otaku before the 1994 English release. Positive and negative aspects, including degrading use, were mixed. The term was also popularized by William Gibson's 1996 novel Idiu, which refers to otaku.
Subculture
Morikawa Kaichir? identify subcultures as clear Japanese, products from school systems and communities. The Japanese school has a class structure that functions as a caste system, but the club is an exception to the social hierarchy. In these clubs, a student's interest will be recognized and nurtured, serving the interests of the otaku. Second, the vertical structure of Japanese society identifies individual values ​​with their success. Until the late 1980s, unattractive and uninteresting men focused on academics, hoping to find a good and married job to improve their social status. Those who can not succeed focus on the social, not on their interests, often mature, with their lifestyles centered on those interests, which promote the creation of the otaku subculture.
Even before the currency of the term, the stereotypical features of the subculture were identified in the 1981 edition of Fan R? Do (Fan Road) about "culture club". These individuals are interested in anime, a counter-culture, with the release of hard science fiction works such as Mobile Suit Gundam . These works allow the congregation and development of an obsessive interest that turns anime into a medium for unpopular students, serving obsessed fans. After these fans discover the Comics Market, the term is used as a collective identity that affirms and mocks itself.
The 1989 "Otaku Pembunuh" case gives a negative connotation to a fandom that has not yet fully recovered. The use of "(interest) otaku", however, is used to tempt or humble, but non-qualified terms remain negative. The otaku identification turned negative in late 2004 when Kaoru Kobayashi was kidnapped, sexually harassed, and killed a seventh grader. Japanese journalist Akihiro? Tani suspects that Kobayashi's crime was committed by a member of the moe zoku figure even before his capture. Although Kobayashi is not an otaku, the level of social hostility towards otaku is increasing. My Otaku is seen by law enforcement as a possible suspect of sex crimes, and local governments are calling for tighter laws controlling the depiction of eroticism in otaku material.
Not all attention is negative. In his book, Otaku, Hiroki Azuma observes: "Between 2001 and 2007, the otaku and the market quickly won social recognition in Japan", citing the fact that "[i] in 2003, Hayao Miyazaki won an Academy Award for his Spirited Away , around the same time Takashi Murakami achieved recognition for otaku-like design, in 2004, the Japanese pavilion at the 2004 International Architecture exhibition of the Venice Biennale (Biennale Architecture) featured "otaku". 2005, the word moe - one of the keywords of the current volume - was chosen as one of the top ten "keywords of the year." Former Japanese Prime Minister Taro Aso also claimed to be an otaku, using this subculture for promoting Japan in foreign affairs. In 2013, a Japanese study of 137,734 people found that 42.2% identified themselves as otaku types. This study shows that the word stigma has vanished, and the term has been embraced by bany ak people. Places
The Akihabara district of Tokyo, where there is a maid cafe featuring waiters who dress up and behave like waiters or anime characters, is an important attraction center for otaku. Akihabara also has dozens of stores specializing in anime, manga, retro video games, sculptures, card games, and other collections. Another popular location is Otome Street in Ikebukuro, Tokyo. In Nagoya, a student from Nagoya City University embarked on a project on how to help promote hidden tourist spots associated with otaku culture to attract more otaku to the city.
Subtype
There are special terms for different types of otaku, including Fujoshi ( ??? , lit. "rotten girl") , a self-mocking person mocking Japanese term for yaoi female fans, which focuses on male homosexual relationships. Reki-jo is a female otaku who is interested in Japanese history. Some terms refer to locations, such as Akiba-kei , a slang term meaning "Akihabara style" applicable to those familiar with the Akihabara culture. The other is Wotagei or otagei ( ??? or ) , a kind of cheers that are part of Akiba-kei. Other terms, such as Itasha ( ?? ) , literally "painful cars", depict vehicles decorated with fictional characters, especially bish games? Jo or eroge characters. Media
Otaku often participates in mocking themselves through production or a humorous interest directed at their subculture. Otaku and anime manga are the subject of many self-critical works, such as Otaku no Video, containing a live-interview mockumentary that mocks the otaku subculture and includes the Gainax staff themselves as the interviewee. Other works illustrate the less-critical otaku subculture, such as Genshiken and Comics Party . The famous novel-cum-manga-cum-anime is Welcome to N.H.K. , which focuses on popular subcultures with otaku and highlights other social outcasts such as hikikomori and NEETs. Occasions that focus on otaku characters include WataMote , otaku stories of unattractive and unfriendly games that show delusions about their social status. Watamote is a self-deprecating insight that follows the hero's delusions and attempts to reform itself only by facing reality with comedy on the road to popularity. American documentary, Otaku Unite! , focusing on the American side of the otaku culture.
Japanese autaku type and classification
The Nomura Research Institute (NRI) has made two major studies into otaku, the first in 2004 and a revised study with a more specific definition in 2005. The 2005 study defines twelve key areas of otaku interests. Of these groups, the manga (Japanese comics) is the largest, with 350,000 people and the market scale of ¥ 83 billion. Otaku idol is the next largest group, with 280,000 people and Ã,  ¥ 61 billion. Travel otaku with 250,000 people and ¥ 81 billion. Otaku PC with 190,000 individuals and  ¥ 36 billion. Video game otaku with 160,000 individuals and  ¥ 21 billion. Otaku car with 140,000 people and  ¥ 54 billion. Otaku anime (anime) with 110,000 individuals and ¥ 20 billion. The other five categories include otaku Mobile IT equipment, with 70,000 individuals and Ã,  ¥ 8 billion; Audio-visual equipment otaku, with 60,000 individuals and Ã,  ¥ 12 billion; otaku camera, with 50,000 individuals and Ã,  ¥ 18 billion; otaku mode, with 40,000 individuals and Ã,  ¥ 13 billion; and otaku railway, with 20,000 people and  ¥ 4 billion. These values ​​were partially released with much higher estimates in 2004, but this definition focuses on consumerism and not the "unique psychological characteristics" of otaku used in the 2005 study.
The 2005 NRI study also proposed five otaku archetypes. The first is a family-oriented otaku, which has a broader and more mature interest than any otaku; the objects they are interested in are secretive and they are "otaku cabinets". The second is a serious "leave my own mark in the world" otaku, with an interest in the field of mechanical or business personality. The third type is the "sensitive-many-media" otaku, whose diverse interests are shared with others. The fourth type is "outgoing and firm otaku", which gets recognition by promoting their hobby. The latter is "otaku which is dominated by fan magazines", which is dominated by women with a small group of men as "moe type"; secret hobbies are focused on the production or interest in the work of fans. The Hamagin Research Institute found that moe related content was worth ¥ 88.8 billion ($ 807 million) in 2005, and an analyst estimates the market could be as much as  ¥ 2 trillion ($ 18 billion). Japan-based Tokyo Otaku Mode place for news related to Otaku has been favored on Facebook nearly 10 million times.
Other classifications of otaku interests include vocaloid, cosplay, professional figure and wrestling categorized by the Yano Research Institute. Yano Research reports and tracks market growth and trends in sectors heavily influenced by otaku consumerism. In 2012, he recorded about 30% growth in sim dating and online game otaku, while vocaloid, cosplay, idol and auxiliary services grew by 10%, confirming his 2011 predictions.
See also
- Anorak (slang)
- Daicon III and IV Animation Opening
- Cool Japanese
- Genshiken
- Japanophile
- otaku no Video
- Hikikomori
- Nijikon
References
Note
External links
- "Myself, but not lonely" - an early article on Japanese otaku, December 1990
- "-" L'Ethique Otaku: Tous seuls ensemble "(" Otaku Ethics: All Alone Together ") a lecture on otaku culture and its social implications by Maurice Benayoun, Maison de la Culture du Japon, Paris, France, September 1999
- Otaku politics - general comments on the use and meaning of "otaku" in Japan and internationally, September 2001
- Archive.org Introduction to Otaku Moves Archived.org
- Meet Geek Elite, Wired Magazine, July 2006
- Michael ManfÃÆ' © - Otakismus (in German)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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