Nicotine replacement therapy ( NRT ) is a medically approved way to take nicotine by other ways than tobacco. This is used to help quit smoking or stop chewing tobacco. This increases the chances of quitting smoking by about 50% to 70%. It is often used in conjunction with other behavioral techniques. NRT has also been used to treat ulcerative colitis. Types of NRT include patches of adhesives, chewing gum, suction tablets, nasal sprays, and inhalers. The use of more than one type of NRT at a time can improve effectiveness.
Common side effects depend on nicotine formulations. Common side effects with gums include nausea, hiccups, and irritation of the mouth. Common side effects with patches include skin irritation and dry mouth while inhalers usually produce cough, runny nose, or headache. Serious risks include nicotine intoxication and constant addiction. They do not seem to increase the risk of heart attack. There may be a danger to the baby if used during pregnancy. Nicotine replacement therapy works by reducing cravings due to nicotine addiction.
They were first approved for use in the United States in 1984. Nicotine replacement products are on the World Health Organization's Essential Drug List, the most effective and safe medication needed in the health system. They are available as generics. In the United States, one month of patches or chewing gum is between 100 and 200 USD while other forms are more expensive.
Video Nicotine replacement therapy
Medical use
Nicotine replacement therapy, in the form of chewing gum, patches, nasal sprays, inhalers and suction tablets all increase the ability of people trying to stop using tobacco products. Studies have shown that nicotine replacement therapy is as effective as a drug such as bupropion, in helping people quit smoking for at least 6 months. Research also shows that every form of nicotine replacement therapy, including nicotine gum, patches, nasal sprays, inhalers, and suction tablets have similar success rates in terms of helping people quit smoking. However, the likelihood that a person will remain on a particular treatment varies, with adherence to the highest with nicotine patching, followed by nicotine candy, inhalers, and nasal sprays. It is important to note that using several different nicotine replacement methods in combination can improve a person's success rate in stopping tobacco use. In addition, using nicotine replacement with counseling has been shown to increase the level of tobacco abstinence.
Nicotine replacement products are most beneficial for heavy smokers who smoke more than 15 cigarettes per day. There is not enough research to show that NRT helps those who smoke less than 10 cigarettes per day.
Maps Nicotine replacement therapy
Side effects
Although there is no evidence that NRT may increase the risk of heart attack, individuals with existing cardiovascular conditions or recent cardiac arrest should consult a physician before starting NRT.
In people under 18, doctors often consult before starting NRT.
Exposure to nicotine during pregnancy can cause attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disabilities in children. It also puts the child at risk of nicotine addiction in the future. Thus, pregnant women and those who are breastfeeding should also consult a doctor before starting NRT. Chewing gum, sweets, and nasal sprays are the category of pregnancy C. Transdermal patches are the category of pregnancy D. Transdermal patches are considered less safe for the fetus because it provides continuous nicotine exposure compared to chewing gum or candy, which gives intermittent and thus lower nicotine exposure.
Limited evidence exists regarding long-term use of NRT, and there is concern that long-term use of NRT may increase the risk of cancer, in part because of the generation of carcinogens.
Action mechanism
Nicotine replacement products vary in the time it takes for nicotine to enter the body and total nicotine time remains in the body.
Nicotine patches are applied to the skin and continuously provide stable doses of nicotine slowly for 16-24 hours. Nicotine gum, nicotine spray, sublingual nicotine tablet, and nicotine nicotine give nicotine orally with faster absorption of nicotine into the body but last longer. Nicotine inhalers are measurable dose inhalers that regulate nicotine through the lungs and mucous membranes of the throat quickly but last for a short time. For example, the level of nicotine in the blood is 5-10 minutes after using nicotine nose spray, 20 minutes after using nicotine or nicotine gum, and 2-4 hours after using nicotine.
Society and culture
Economy
In the United States, one month stick or gum is between 100 and 200 USD while other forms are more expensive; in english lozenges is the cheapest. In the United States, one month of patch is about 170 USD.
Excluded population
The NRT evaluation in real-world studies yields simpler results than efficacy studies conducted by industry-funded trials. The National Health Service (NHS) in the UK has a smoking cessation service based on pharmacotherapy combined with counseling support. The UK's Smoking and Health Action Report (ASH) claims that the average annual cost per smoker handled by this service is less than Ã, £ 1,000 (under the NICE guidance of Ã, £ 20,000 per QALY (quality-adjusted life years). However, investments in the NHS halt the relatively low smoking service. Comparison with the cost of treatment for illicit drug users suggests that à £ 585 million committed to 350,000 drug users in trouble compared to Ã,  £ 56 million for 9 million users of tobacco: This is  £ 6.20 for each smoker, compared to Ã,  £ 1,670 per illegal drug user.
Claims for high effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of NRT have not been demonstrated in studies of real-world effectiveness. Pierce and Gilpin (2002) state their conclusion as follows: "Since becoming available on the table, NRT appears to be no longer effective in increasing the termination of long-term success" (p 1260). Effectiveness studies, conducted using randomized controlled trials, do not transfer very well to real-world effectiveness. Bauld, Bell, McCullough, Richardson and Greaves (2009) reviewed 20 studies on the effectiveness of intensive NHS treatment for smoking cessation published between 1990 and 2007. The stops showed a dramatic decline between 4-weeks and a year. Rate stopped 53% at four weeks dropped to only 15% at 1 year. Young smokers, women, pregnant smokers and lesser smokers have lower stopping rates than other groups.
In 2015, NRT sales fell for the first time since 2008 while sales for e-cigarettes continued to rise at a substantial rate. This has led to speculation that UK smokers are trying to stop using electric cigarettes rather than traditional pharmaceutical-supported NRT methods.
Formulation
The United States Public Health Service lists seven agents to stop tobacco, which includes 5 nicotine replacement treatments (nicotine, chewing gum, lozenges, inhalers, and nasal sprays) and 2 oral medications (bupropion and varenicline). Other NRT options are available, including nicotine mouth spray and sublingual tablets.
Nama dagang termasuk Nicotex, Nicorette, Nicoderm, Nicogum, Nicotinell, Thrive and Commit Lozenge.
Bentuk lain
Snus and nasal snuffs also allow nicotine excretion outside of smoking, but cause negative effects on health.
E-cigarettes are often, though not always, designed to look and feel like cigarettes. They have been marketed as a less harmful alternative to cigarettes, but very few have not been approved as NRT in any jurisdiction. Some electronic cigarettes have roughly adjustable levels of nicotine. Some health care groups are reluctant to recommend electric cigarettes to quit smoking, due to limited evidence of effectiveness and safety.
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has a list of additional tobacco products they are looking to set, including electronic cigarettes. Evidence suggests that receiving FDA products such as nicotine inhalers may be a safer way to deliver nicotine than electronic cigarettes.
See also
- Tobacco tobacco clinic
- Reducing tobacco hazards
- The American Heritage Foundation
- Opioid replacement therapy
References
External links
- Wisconsin University's Center for Tobacco Research and Interference
- Recommendations for custom populations
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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