Nicotine candy is a type of gum that delivers nicotine to the body. It is used as an aid in nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), a process to stop smoking and quit smoking without smoke. Nicotine is delivered to the bloodstream through absorption by the mouth tissue.
Currently available over-the-counter in Europe, the United States and elsewhere. Pieces are usually available in individual foil packaging and come in a variety of flavors. Nicotine content is usually 2 or 4 mg of nicotine, about nicotine content from one-sixth to one-third of cigarettes, with the exact content and dose depending on the user's smoking habit. Famous brands include Nicotex, Nicoderm, Nicorette, Nicogum, Nicotinell, and Zonnic.
Alternative nicotine replacement products include nicotine patches, nicotine pastiles/lozenges and nicotine inhalers.
Video Nicotine gum
Medical use
Chewing gum should not be used less than 15 minutes after eating or drinking as it will reduce absorption. Users are directed to chew gum until soft and produce a tingling or "spicy" sensation. Chewing gum is then "parked," or tucked, between cheeks and gums. When the tingling ends, chewing gum is chewed again until it returns, and then parked back at the new location. These steps are repeated until the nicotine vapor (about 30 minutes) or the desire disappears. The doses suggested by the Dental-professional.com website are: weeks 1-6: 1 part every 1 to 2 hours; week 7-9: 1 cut every 2 to 4 hours; week 10-12: 1 part every 4-8 hours; not more than 24 pieces per day. Do not use more than 12 weeks. Pregnant women should not smoke or use NRT. Mild smokers should use 2 mg and heavy smokers 4 mg; the size of chewing gum is the same for both doses.
When used correctly, about 3 mg is absorbed into the bloodstream from 4 mg of candy, and 1 mg of 2 mg gom.
Maps Nicotine gum
Side effects
Nicotine is a vasoconstrictor; it constricts the arteries, which increases the resistance to the heart that must pump blood, effectively making it harder for the heart to pump blood through the body. The result is improved shear stress on blood vessel walls, and recurrent nicotine exposure contributes to accelerated health problems that are a function of chronic vascular injury such as coronary artery disease, acute ischemic heart events, and hypertension. Studies have shown that nicotine exposure contributes to stroke, peptic ulcer disease, and esophageal reflux. Nicotine can also cause the wound to heal more slowly and may be associated with reproductive toxicity. In addition, nicotine can cause the body to release fat deposits and cholesterol into the blood.
Nicotine has been correlated in vitro with increased gene expression associated with oral cancer; Researchers say their work "increases the likelihood that nicotine has the potential to increase the risk of oral cancer, and we want to emphasize, however, that more research is needed to definitively determine whether this is the case." There is no doubt about the dangers of smoking, so smokers should strive for stop smoking. "Professor Robert West points out that no epidemiological studies have shown a correlation between nicotine replacement therapy and oral cancer.
There is evidence that nicotine has the potential to prevent and treat Alzheimer's disease. Nicotine has been shown to delay the onset of Parkinson's disease in studies involving monkeys and humans. A study has demonstrated the nicotine's own protective effect on neurons due to nicotine activation of 7-nAChR and PI3K/Akt pathways that inhibit the release of apoptotic-induction and mitochondrial translocation factors, release of cytochrome c and caspase activation 3.
Research at Duke University Medical Center found that nicotine can improve symptoms of depression. Nicotine appears to improve the symptoms of ADHD. Several studies have focused on the benefits of nicotine therapy in adults with ADHD.
Muscle control
Two unpleasant symptoms that affect some new users and existing users who use excessive nicotine candy, are hiccups and the perceived narrowing of the throat muscles, because ingestion of accidental saliva containing large amounts of nicotine can cause irritation.
Birth defects
Women who use sweets and nicotine patches during the early stages of pregnancy face an increased risk of having babies with birth defects according to a 2006 study that looked at 77,000 pregnant women in Denmark. The study found that women who took nicotine replacement therapy in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy had a greater risk of having babies with birth defects than women who did not.
Availability
Various policies exist around the world related to the accessibility of these drugs. Initially (in the 1980s) chewing gum was sold only by prescription.
In most EU and USA, nicotine candy is currently available in over-the-counter pharmacies subject to the same restrictions on underage purchases as tobacco. Depending on jurisdiction and pharmacy, buyers may be directed to a pharmacist, or nicotine candy can be purchased outside the shelf. If sold where tobacco products are also sold, the look of nicotine therapy products may be close to the look of tobacco.
In New Zealand (and now Australia) nicotine gum and patches are classified as General Sale and can be sold at outlets other than pharmacies, such as gas stations and supermarkets. This has resulted in falling retail prices, especially from New Zealand's online stores.
This trend is far from being only sold on the table (S3) in pharmacies also followed in Australia with sharp price declines in the past year [ref = 2010] and wide availability. Nicotine gum, throat lozenges and similar preparations can now be easily found on the shelves in the drug aisles of most major chain supermarkets and can be bought with other daily necessities.
In the UK many NRT products are available in stores, supermarkets, gas stations and even schools, although a 12 year age limit is required. Self-made NRT products are available from several pharmaceutical chains. National Health Service (NHS) provides NRT at a discount or free. Nicotinell is one of the best selling pharmaceuticals sold in the UK in 2016, with sales of £ 31.2 million.
In Hong Kong large chain pharmacist stores usually, but not always, require a stronger therapy buyer (4 mg dose) to sign the list with a passport number or Hong Kong ID.
See also
- Nicotine
- Smoking cess
- Nicotine patch
References
External links
- Medline Plus entries
- Smoking habits, use of nicotine, and congenital malformations
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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