Lysergic acid diethylamide ( LSD ), also known as acid , is a psychedelic drug known for its psychological effects, which may include an altered consciousness of a person environment, perceptions, and feelings and sensations and images that look real even if they are not. It is used primarily as a recreational drug and for spiritual reasons. LSD is usually swallowed or held under the tongue. It is often sold in ink paper, rock sugar, or gelatin. It can also be injected.
LSD is not usually addictive. However, adverse psychiatric reactions such as anxiety, paranoia, and delusions are possible. LSD in ergoline family. LSD is sensitive to oxygen, ultraviolet light, and chlorine, although it can last for years if kept away from light and moisture at low temperatures. In its pure form it is odorless, crystal, and clear or white. As little as 20-30 micrograms can produce an effect.
LSD was first made by Albert Hofmann in Switzerland in 1938 from ergotamine, a chemical of ergot fungi. The laboratory name for the compound is an acronym for German Lyserg-sÃÆ'¤ure-diÃÆ'¤thylamid , followed by the serial number: LSD-25. Hofmann discovered his psychedelic nature in 1943. LSD was introduced as a commercial drug under the trade name Delysid for various psychiatric uses in 1947. In the 1950s, officials at the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) thought the drug might be useful for control of minds and chemical wars and test drugs on young soldiers and students, and others without their knowledge. The subsequent recreational use by youth culture in the Western world as part of the 1960 counterculture resulted in its ban.
Video Lysergic acid diethylamide
Usage
Medical
LSD does not currently have approved use in medicine. The meta-analysis concluded that a single dose was effective in reducing alcohol consumption in alcoholism. LSD has also been studied in depression, anxiety, and drug dependence, with positive initial results.
Recreation
LSD is commonly used as a recreational drug.
Spiritual
LSD is considered an entheogen because it can catalyze an intense spiritual experience, in which users can feel that they have come into contact with a larger spiritual or cosmic order. Users sometimes report from body experience. In 1966, Timothy Leary founded the League of Spiritual Discovery with LSD as his sacrament. Stanislav Grof has written that the religious and mystical experiences observed during LSD sessions seem to be phenomenologically indistinguishable from similar descriptions in the scriptures of the world's major religions and texts of ancient civilizations.
Maps Lysergic acid diethylamide
Effects
Physical
LSD can cause pupil dilatation, decreased appetite, and awake. Other physical reactions to LSD are highly variable and non-specific, some of which may be secondary to LSD's psychological effects. Among the symptoms reported are numbness, weakness, nausea, hypothermia or hyperthermia, increased blood sugar, goosebumps, increased heart rate, clenched jaw, sweat, saliva production, mucus production, hyperreflexia, and tremors.
Psychological
The most common direct psychological effects of LSD are visual hallucinations and illusions (colloquially known as "journey"), which can vary greatly depending on how much is used and how the brain responds. The journey usually begins in 20-30 minutes using LSD through the mouth (less if it is snorted or taken intravenously), reaches a peak of three to four hours after consumption, and lasts up to 12 hours. Negative experiences, referred to as "bad trips," produce intense negative emotions, such as irrational fears and anxiety, panic attacks, paranoia, rapid mood swings, disturbing thoughts of despair, wanting to harm others, and suicidal desires. It is impossible to predict when a bad trip will happen. A good trip stimulates and is enjoyable, and usually involves feeling as if someone is floating, disconnected from reality, feelings of joy or euphoria (sometimes called "rush"), decrease in obstacles, and belief that one has extreme mental clarity or extreme power.
Sensoric
Some sensory effects may include the experience of luminous colors, rippling or "breathing" objects and surfaces, colored patterns behind closed eyelids (eidetic imagery), time-changing feelings (time seems to widen, repeat itself, change speed or stop) stringing geometric patterns that cover the walls and other objects, and altering objects. Some users, including Albert Hofmann, reported a strong metal taste for the duration of its effect.
LSD causes sensation, emotion, memory, time, and awareness for six to 14 hours, depending on the dose and tolerance. Generally starting within 30 to 90 minutes after consumption, the user can experience everything from subtle changes in perception to extraordinary cognitive shifts. Changes in auditory and visual perceptions are typical. Visual effects include the illusion of static surface movement ("breathing wall"), after a trail such as a moving object image ("tracer"), the appearance of a moving colored geometric pattern (especially with the eyes closed), the intensification of color and brightness ("sparkling"), texture new to the object, blurred vision, and suggestion form. Users generally report that the world of inanimate objects appears to be animated in unexplainable ways; for example, objects that are static in three dimensions may appear to be moving relative to one or more additional space dimensions. Many basic visual effects resemble phosphenes that look after applying pressure on the eyes and have also been studied under the name "form constants". LSD's hearing effects can include distorted sounds like echoes, changing ability to see concurrent auditory stimuli, and general intensification of music experience. Higher doses often cause intense and fundamental distortions of sensory perceptions such as synaesthesia, the experience of additional spatial or temporal dimensions, and temporary dissociation.
Adverse effects
Of the 20 medicines rated according to individual and community damage by David Nutt, LSD is third to end, about 1/10 is as dangerous as alcohol. The most significant side effect is mental dysfunction when intoxicated.
Mental disorders
LSD can trigger panic attacks or extreme anxiety, known as "bad travel". The review study suggests that LSD may play a role in accelerating the onset of acute psychosis in previously healthy individuals with a possible increase in individuals with a family history of schizophrenia. There is evidence that people with severe mental illness such as schizophrenia have a higher likelihood of experiencing the side effects of taking LSD.
Suggestibility
Although publicly available documents indicate that the CIA and the Department of Defense have suspended research into the use of LSD as a mind control tool, research from the 1960s shows that mentally and mentally ill people are more provable when under their influence.
Flashback
Some individuals may experience "flashbacks" and long-term and sometimes pathetic syndrome change syndrome.
"Flashback" is a reported psychological phenomenon in which an individual experiences episodes of some subjective effects of LSD after the drug has faded, "persisting for months or years after the use of hallucinogens". Several studies have tried to determine the likelihood that LSD users, not suffering from known psychiatric conditions, will experience flashbacks. Larger studies included Blumenfeld's in 1971 and Naditch and Fenwick in 1977, which arrived at rates of 20% and 28%, respectively.
Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) describes post-LSD exposure syndrome in which visual changes similar to LSD are not temporary and brief, because they are in flashback, but are persistent, and cause clinically significant disturbances or distress. This syndrome is a diagnosis of DSM-IV. Several scientific journal articles have described the disorder. HPPD is different from flashbacks because it's fixed and seems completely visual (although mood and anxiety disorders are sometimes diagnosed in the same individual). A recent review indicates that HPPD (as defined in DSM-IV) is uncommon and affects a clearly vulnerable user subpopulation.
Teratogenesis, mutagenesis and pregnancy
The mutagenic potential of LSD is unclear. Overall, evidence seems to indicate limited or no effect on commonly used doses. Empirical studies show no evidence of teratogenic or mutagenic effects of the use of LSD in humans.
Tolerance
Tolerance to LSD increases as consistent use and cross-tolerance have been demonstrated between LSD, mescaline and psilocybin. This tolerance may be caused by a decrease in the 5-HT 2A receptor in the brain and decreases a few days after discontinuation of use.
LSD is not addictive. Experimental evidence has shown that the use of LSD does not result in positive reinforcement either in human or animal subjects.
Overdose
In 2008 no documented casualties were attributed directly to LSD overdose. Although some behavioral fatalities and suicides have occurred due to LSD. Eight people who inadvertently consumed very high amounts mistakenly thought LSD for cocaine developed a coma, hyperthermia, vomiting, gastric bleeding, and respiratory problems but all survived with supportive care.
Certainty in a quiet and secure environment is very rewarding. Agitation can be safely treated with benzodiazepines such as lorazepam or diazepam. Neuroleptics such as haloperidol are recommended against because they may have side effects. LSD is rapidly absorbed, so the activated charcoal and gastric emptying will be of little use, unless it is done within 30-60 minutes of swallowing an LSD overdose. Sedation or physical restraint is rarely necessary, and excessive resistance can lead to complications such as hyperthermia (overheating) or rhabdomyolysis.
Research shows that large doses are not lethal, but usually require supportive care, which may include endotracheal intubation or respiratory support. It is suggested that high blood pressure, tachycardia (rapid heart rate), and hyperthermia, if present, are symptomaticly treated, and that low blood pressure is initially treated with fluids and then under pressure if necessary. Giving anticoagulants, vasodilators, and intravenous sympatholytics may be useful in large doses.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Most psychedelic serotonergics are not significantly dopaminergic, and LSD is therefore not typical in this regard. LSD receptor agonists D 2 can contribute to psychoactive effects in humans.
LSD binds to the serotonin receptor subtype except the 5-HT sub-receptor 3 and 5-HT 4 . However, most of these receptors are affected at an affinity that is too low to be adequately activated by brain concentrations of about 10-20 nM. In humans, the recreational dose of LSD may affect 5-HT 1A (K i = 1.1nM), 5-HT 2A (K i = 2.9nM), 5-HT 2B (K i = 4.9nM), 5-HT 2C (K < sub> i = 23nM) 5-HT 5A (K i = 9nM [in the clone mice network]), and 5-HT 6 receptor (K i = 2.3nM). 5-HT 5B recipes, which are not in humans, also have a high affinity for LSD. The psychedelic effect of LSD is associated with cross-activation of the 5-HT receptor heteromer 2A . Many but not all 5-HT 2A psychedelic agonists and 5-HT 2A antagonists block LSD psychedelic activity. LSD shows functional selectivity at 5-HT receptors 2A and 5HT 2C because it activates the phospholipase A2 signal transduction enzyme instead of enabling the phospholipase C enzyme as a ligand endogenous ligand. Exactly how LSD produces its effects is unknown, but it is thought that it works by increasing the release of glutamate in the cerebral cortex and therefore excitation in this area, particularly in layers IV and V. LSD, like many other drugs from recreational use, has been shown to activate pathways DARPP-32-related. This drug increases the introduction of dopamine D 2 protomer receptors and signals the receptor complex D 2 -5-HT 2A , which may contribute to its psychotic effects..
The crystal structure of LSD is in active state for serotonin receptors, in particular the 5-HT sub-recipe 2B , more recently (2017) has been described for the first time. The LSD-bound 5-HT 2B receptor is considered an excellent model system for the 5-HT 2A receptor and the 5-HT
Pharmacokinetics
The effects of LSD usually last between 6 and 12 hours depending on the dose, tolerance, weight, and age. The Sandoz Prospectus for "Delysid" warns: "Intermittent interference affect can sometimes last for several days." Contrary to preliminary reports and general belief, the effects of LSD do not last much longer than the amount of time a significant level of drugs are present in the blood. Aghajanian and Bing (1964) found LSD had an elimination halfway of only 175 minutes (about 3 hours). However, using a more accurate technique, Papac and Foltz (1990) reported that 1 Âμg/kg oral LSD given to a male volunteer had a clear plasma half of 5.1 hours, with peak plasma concentrations of 5 ng/mL at 3 hours post -dose.
LSD pharmacokinetics are not determined properly until 2015, which is not surprising for drugs with the low potency type that LSD has. In a sample of 16 healthy subjects, one dose of 200 g orally orally LSD was found to produce an average concentration of 4.5 ng/mL maximum in the median of 1.5 hours (range of 0.5-4 hours) post-administration. After reaching the peak level, the LSD concentration decreases following the first-order kinetics with the half-life terminal of 3.6 hours to 12 hours and then with a slower elimination with the half-term terminal of 8.9 hours thereafter. The effects of a given LSD dose lasted up to 12 hours and correlated closely with the concentrations of LSD present in the circulation over time, with no acute tolerance being observed. Only 1% of the drug removed in urine was unchanged while 13% was eliminated as 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD (O-H-LSD) main metabolite within 24 hours. O-H-LSD is formed by the cytochrome P450 enzyme, although the specific enzyme involved is unknown, and it seems unknown whether O-H-LSD is pharmacologically active or not. LSD oral bioavailability is roughly estimated at 71% using previous data on intravenous administration of LSD. Samples were divided equally between male and female subjects and no significant gender differences were observed in LSD pharmacokinetics.
Chemistry
LSD is a chiral compound with two stereocenters in C-5 and C-8 carbon atoms, so theoretically four different optical isomers of LSD can exist. LSD, also called () - D -LSD, has an absolute configuration (5 R , 8 R ). The C-5 isomer of lysergamides is absent in nature and not formed during synthesis of D -servergic acid. Retrosynthetically, C-5 stereocenter can be analyzed as having the same configuration of alpha carbon from natural amino acid L-tryptophan, a precursor for all biosynthetic ergoline compounds.
However, LSD and iso-LSD, two C-8 isomers, are rapidly interconnecting in the presence of a base, since alpha protons are acidic and can be deprotonated and repeponated. Non-psychoactive iso-LSD that has been formed during synthesis can be separated by chromatography and can be isomerized to LSD.
LSD pure salt is triboluminescent, emitting small flashes of white light when shaken in the dark. LSD is very fluorescent and will shine bluish white under UV light.
Synthesis
LSD is an ergoline derivative. It is generally synthesized by reacting diethylamine with the active form of lysergic acid. Activation of the reagents includes phosphoryl chloride and peptide connective reagents. Lysergic acid is made by the hydrolysis of alkali lisergamides such as ergotamine, a substance that usually comes from ergot mushrooms on agar plates; or, theoretically possible, but not practical and unusual, of the ergine (lysergic acid amide, LSA) extracted from the seed of morning glory. Lysergic acid can also be produced synthetically, eliminating the need for ergotamine.
Dose
A single dose of LSD may be between 40 and 500 micrograms - an amount which is roughly equivalent to one-tenth the mass of sand grains. Threshold effects can be felt only with 25 micrograms of LSD. The dosage of LSD is measured in micrograms (Âμg), or one-thousandth of a gram. By comparison, the dose of most drugs, both recreation and drugs, is measured in milligrams (mg), or one-thousandth of a gram. For example, the active dose of mescaline, approximately 0.2 to 0.5 g , has an effect comparable to 100 Ã,Âμg or less of LSD.
In the mid-1960s, the most important black market LSD producer (Owsley Stanley) distributed the acid at a standard concentration of 270 Ã,Âμg, while the 1970's road samples contained 30 to 300Ã,Âμg. By the 1980s, the number had decreased to between 100 and 125 Âμg, declining more in the 1990s to 20-80 Âμg, and even more in the 2000s (decades).
Reactivity and degradation
"LSD," writes chemist Alexander Shulgin, "is a very fragile molecule... As salt, in water, cold, and free of air and exposure to light, it is stable indefinitely."
LSD has two unstable protons in C5 and tertiary stereostatic C8 positions, making these centers vulnerable to epimerization. Proton C8 is more volatile due to the pulling of the electron pulling carboxamide, but the removal of the chiral proton at position C5 (formerly also the alpha proton of the parent molecule tryptophan) is assisted by nitrogen emptying and the delocalization of pi electrons inductively with the indole ring.
LSD also has a type-sixine reactivity due to the electron donor effect of the indole ring. Because of this, chlorine destroys LSD molecules when in contact; Although chlorinated tap water contains only a small amount of chlorine, a small amount of a compound characteristic for LSD solutions is likely to be removed when dissolved in tap water. A double bond between 8 positions and an aromatic ring, which is conjugated with an indole ring, is susceptible to nucleophilic attacks by water or alcohol, especially in the presence of light. LSD often turns into "lumi-LSD", which is inactive in humans.
A controlled study was conducted to determine LSD stability in urine samples collected. LSD concentrations in urine samples are followed over time at various temperatures, in different types of storage containers, at different exposures to different wavelengths of light, and at various pH values. These studies showed no significant loss in LSD concentrations at 25 Ã, Â ° C for up to four weeks. After four weeks of incubation, a 30% loss in LSD concentrations at 37 ° C and up to 40% at 45 ° C was observed. Urine enriched with LSD and stored in amber or non-transparent glass containers does not show concentration changes under any light conditions. The stability of LSD in a transparent container under light depends on the distance between the light source and the sample, the wavelength of the light, the time of the illumination, and the intensity of the light. After prolonged exposure to heat in alkaline pH conditions, 10 to 15% of LSD parent at epimerization becomes iso-LSD. Under acidic conditions, less than 5% of LSD is converted to iso-LSD. It also shows that the amount of trace metal ions in a buffer or urine can catalyze LSD decomposition and that this process can be avoided by the addition of EDTA.
Detection in body fluids
LSD may be quantified in the urine as part of a drug abuse testing program, in plasma or serum to confirm the diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized or whole blood victims to assist in a traffic forensic investigation or other criminal offense or a sudden case. Dead. Both parent and metabolite drugs are essentially unstable in biofluids when exposed to light, heat or alkaline conditions and therefore the specimens are protected from light, kept at the lowest possible temperature and analyzed rapidly to minimize losses.
Partial clear half-life plasma of LSD is considered to be about 5.1 hours with peak plasma concentration occurring 3 hours after administration.
![Teletubbies [1998] - LSD Blotter [Lysergic Acid Diethylami⦠| Flickr](https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_s6om_we2TP_p1hxeYvSHdFZgOmrK_2Yruk5BiEy_3NEo02wnHTVDbukuc8AvOfBbduKtyeleICBAWVRPAo5dRtC2spCmhoFzSBYz3kImA3U9_aGxloEtvyFgu5wbJLvE8MU8r-WjLEZA=s0-d "Teletubbies [1998] - LSD Blotter [Lysergic Acid Diethylami⦠| Flickr")
History
LSD was first synthesized on November 16, 1938 by Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann at Sandoz Laboratories in Basel, Switzerland as part of a major research program that seeks medically useful ergot alkaloid derivatives. The psychedelic nature of LSD was discovered 5 years later when Hofmann himself accidentally ingested an unknown amount of chemistry. The first deliberate absorption of LSD occurred on 19 April 1943, when Hofmann ingested 250 Ã,Âμg LSD. He said this would be a threshold dose based on the dose of other ergot alkaloids. Hofmann found that the effect was much stronger than anticipated. Sandoz Laboratories introduced LSD as a psychiatric drug in 1947.
Beginning in the 1950s, the US Central Intelligence Agency initiated a research program code called Project MKULTRA. Trials include managing LSD to CIA employees, military personnel, doctors, other government agencies, prostitutes, psychiatric patients, and members of the general public to study their reactions, usually without the subject's knowledge. The project is revealed in the report of the US congressional Rockefeller Commission in 1975.
In 1963, Sandoz patents ended in LSD. Some of the characters, including Aldous Huxley, Timothy Leary, and Al Hubbard, began advocating the consumption of LSD. LSD became the center of the counter-culture of the 1960s. In the early 1960s the use of LSD and other hallucinogens was supported by new advocates of conscious expansion such as Leary, Huxley, Alan Watts and Arthur Koestler, and according to L. R. Veysey they greatly influenced the thinking of the new young generation.
On October 24, 1968, LSD ownership was made illegal in the United States. The last FDA approved study of LSD in patients ended in 1980, while a study on healthy volunteers was made in the late 1980s. The use of legally-approved psychiatry and regulated by LSD continued in Switzerland until 1993.
Society and culture
Counterculture, music and art Counterculture,In the mid-1960s, counter-cultural youth in California, particularly in San Francisco, had adopted the use of hallucinogenic drugs, with the first major underground LSD plant founded by Owsley Stanley. From 1964, Merry Pranksters, a loose group that grew up around the novelist Ken Kesey, sponsored the Acid Tests, a series of events primarily staged at or near San Francisco, involving the taking of LSD (provided by Stanley), accompanied by light shows, film projection and discord, improvisation music known as psychedelic symphony . The Pranksters helped popularize the use of LSD, through their road trip across America with a psychedelic contract school bus, involving distributing drugs and meeting the main characters of the beat movement, and through publications about their activities such as Tom Wolfe Kool-Aid Acid Battery Test (1968). In music and art, LSD's influence soon became more widely seen and heard thanks to bands participating in the Acid Tests and related events, including Grateful Dead, Jefferson Airplane and Big Brother and the Holding Company, and through inventive posters and artists' based in San Francisco such as Rick Griffin, Victor Moscoso, Bonnie MacLean, Stanley Mouse & amp; Alton Kelley, and Wes Wilson, intended to evoke the visual experience of LSD travel.
In the neighborhood of Haight-Ashbury San Francisco, Ron and Jay Thelin's siblings opened the Psychedelic Shop in January 1966. Thelins store is considered the first head store. The Thelins opened a store to promote the safe use of LSD, which was still legal in California. The Psychedelic Shop helped popularize LSD further at Haight and made the neighborhood as the unofficial capital of hippie counterculture in the United States. Ron Thelin was also involved in organizing the Love rally, a protest held at the Golden Gate Park to protest the newly adopted ban by California on LSD in October 1966. At the rally, hundreds of participants took acids simultaneously. Although the Psychedelic Shop closed after almost a year and a half in business, its role in popularizing LSD was considerable.
A similar and connected relationship from the use of LSD in the creative arts flourished around the same time in London. A key figure in this phenomenon in Britain is the English academic Michael Hollingshead, who first tried LSD in America in 1961 when he became Executive Secretary for the British-American Cultural Exchange Institute. After being given a large amount of pure Sandoz LSD (which was still legal at the time) and having his first "journey", Hollingshead contacted Aldous Huxley, who suggested he connect with Harvard academics Timothy Leary, and for the next few years, in concert with Leary and Richard Alpert, Hollingshead played a major role in their famous LSD research at Millbrook before moving to New York City, where he conducted his own LSD experiment. In 1965 Hollingshead returned to England and founded the World Psychedelic Center in Chelsea, London. Among many famous people in England, Hollingshead is known to have introduced LSD as the artist and founder of Hypnotist Storm Thorgerson, and Donovan musicians, Keith Richards, Paul McCartney, John Lennon, and George Harrison. Although concerns about the establishment of the new drug led to it being declared an illegal drug by the Home Minister in 1966, LSD was soon used extensively in the upper echelons of British art and music, including members of The Beatles, the Rolling Stones, Moody Blues, Small Face, Pink Floyd , Jimi Hendrix and others, and the products of this experience were immediately heard and viewed by the public with singles like The Small Faces '"Itchycoo Park" and LPs like the Beatles' Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band and Cream's Disraeli Gears , featuring music that shows the obvious influence of psychedelic musicians' recent journey, and which are packaged in elaborately designed album covers. which features very clear works of psychedelic art by artists such as Peter Blake, Martin Sharp, Hapshash and Colored Mantels (Nigel Waymouth and Michael English) and collective art/music "The Fool".
In the 1960s, musicians from psychedelic music and psychedelic rock bands began referring (initially indirectly, and then explicitly) to drugs and trying to recreate or reflect the experience of taking LSD in their music. A number of features are often included in psychedelic music. Exotic instrumentation, with special preferences for sitar and tabla is common. Electric guitars are used to create feedback, and are played through wah wah and the fuzzbox effect pedal. Complex studio effects are often used, such as reverse cassettes, panning, phasing, long delay loops, and extreme reverbs. In 1960 there was the use of primitive electronic instruments such as early synthesizers and theremins. Then the form of electronic psyche also uses a repeated computer generated tap. Songs allegedly referring to LSD include John Prine's "Illegal Smile" and Beatles' Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds , although the latter repeatedly denied this claim. The psychedelic experience is also reflected in psychedelic art, literature and film.
LSD has a strong influence on the Grateful Dead and Deadhead cultures, as well as impacts for artist Keith Haring, early techno music, and Phish clock band.
Legal status
The United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances (adopted in 1971) requires the parties to sign to prohibit LSD. Therefore, it is illegal in all countries that are parties to the convention, including the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and most of Europe. However, law enforcement varies from country to country. Medical and scientific research with LSD in humans was permitted under the 1971 UN Convention.
Australia
LSD is a Schedule 9 substance in Australia based on Poison Standard (February 2017). A Schedule 9 substance is defined as a substance that may be misused or abused, manufactured, possessed, sold or used which shall be prohibited by law except where necessary for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes under the Commonwealth Commonwealth and/or Country or Territory.
In Western Australia section 9 of the Drug Abuse Act 1981 provides for summary experiments before a judge for ownership of less than 0.004g; Section 11 provides a dubious assumption about the intention to sell or supply if the amount is 0.002 g or more, or ownership for trading purposes if 0.01 g.
Canada
In Canada, LSD is a controlled substance based on Schedule III of the Drug and Controlled Drug Act. Any person who seeks to obtain substance, without express authorization to obtain the substance 30 days before obtaining another prescription from a practitioner, is guilty of an alleged offense and punishable by a sentence of not more than 3 years. Ownership for trading purposes is a punishable offense with a 10-year prison term.
United Kingdom
In the UK, LSD is a Class 1 'A' drug Schedule. This means no valid legal use and unauthorized drug possession with 7 years imprisonment and/or unlimited penalties, and a trade may be sentenced to life imprisonment and unlimited penalties ( see the main article on drug abuse Drug Abuse Act 1971).
In 2000, after consulting with members of the Royal College of Psychiatrists' Faculty of Substance Misuse, the British Police Foundation issued a Stable Report recommending "transfer of LSD from Class A to Class B" .
In November 2009, the UK Transform Drug Policy Foundation released in the House of Commons a guidebook for drug law regulation, After the War on Drugs: Blueprint for Rules , detailing options for regulated distribution and sales LSD and other psychedelics.
United States
LSD is Schedule I in the United States, according to the Controlled Substance Act of 1970. This means that LSD is illegal to produce, purchase, own, process, or distribute without license from the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). By classifying LSD as the substance of Schedule I, the DEA states that LSD fulfills the following three criteria: it is considered to have high potential for abuse; has no legal medical use in treatment; and there is a lack of security received for its use under medical supervision. There was no documented death from chemical toxicity; most LSD deaths are the result of behavioral toxicity.
There is also a substantial difference between the amount of LSD chemically owned and the amount of ownership with which one can be charged in the US. This is because LSD is almost always present in the media (eg blotter or neutral fluid), and the amount that can be considered in relation to the punishment is the total mass of drugs and media. This distinction is the subject of the case of the United States Supreme Court in 1995, Neal v. United States .
Lysic acid and lysergic acid amides, LSD precursors, are both classified in Schedule III of the Controlled Substance Act. Ergotamine tartrate, a licensed acid precursor, is regulated under the Chemical Transfer and Trade Law.
Mexico
In April 2009, the Mexican Congress approved a change in the Public Health Act that decriminalizes the possession of illegal drugs for direct consumption and personal use, allowing one to have a moderate amount of LSD. The only limitation is that the person who has the drug should not be within a 300-meter radius of the school, the police department, or the penitentiary. Cannabis, along with cocaine, opium, heroin, and other drugs are also decriminalized, it will not be considered a crime as long as the dose does not exceed the limits set out in the Public Health Act. Many have questioned this, since cocaine is widely synthesized as heroin, both of which are produced as extracts from plants. The law establishes very low number limits and strictly defines a personal dose. For those arrested with more than the threshold permitted by this law may result in severe prison sentences, as they will be considered small traders even if there is no other indication that the amount is intended to be sold.
Czech Republic
In the Czech Republic, until December 31, 1998 only "i" for other people "(ie, the intention to sell) is a criminal (regardless of production, import, export, offer or mediation, which remains criminal) while ownership for personal use remains legal.
On January 1, 1999, an amendment of the Criminal Code, which requires to harmonize the Czech drug rule with the Single Convention on Narcotics Drugs, became effective, criminalizing "smaller number of smaller" ownership of small amounts for personal use becomes a minor crime.
Judicial practice comes to the conclusion that "the number is greater than small " should be five to ten times greater (depending on the drug) than the average single dose of ordinary consumer.
Based on Regulation no. 467/2009 Coll, ownership of more than 5 doses of LSD is considered smaller than large for the purposes of the Criminal Code and should be treated as a minor offense with the same fine as the parking ticket.
Ecuador
According to the Ecuadorian Constitution of 2008, in Article 364, Ecuador countries do not see drug consumption as a crime but only as a health issue. Since June 2013 the state drug regulatory office CONSEP has published a table that sets the maximum amount brought by people so that it is considered in legal ownership and that person is not a drug seller. The "CONSEP was established, at their last general meeting, that 0.020 milligrams of LSD shal is considered the maximum number of consumers.
Economy
Production
The active dose of LSD is very small, allowing a large number of doses to be synthesized from relatively few raw materials. Twenty-five kilograms of ergotamine tartrate precursors can produce 5-6 kg of pure LSD crystals; this corresponds to 100 million doses. Because the mass involved is very small, hiding and transporting dark LSD is much easier than smuggling cocaine, marijuana, or other illegal drugs.
Manufacturing LSD requires laboratory equipment and experience in the field of organic chemistry. It takes two to three days to produce 30 to 100 grams of pure compound. It is believed that LSD is not usually produced in large quantities, but in a series of small batches. This technique minimizes the loss of precursor chemicals if a step does not work as expected.
Form
LSD is produced in crystalline form and then mixed with excipients or reconstituted to be produced in edible form. Liquid solutions are distributed in small vials or, more generally, sprayed up or immersed into a distribution medium. Historically, LSD solutions were first sold in rock sugar, but practical considerations forced changes to tablet form. Appearing in 1968 as an orange tablet measuring about 6 mm, "Orange Sunshine" acid was the first LSD form available after its ownership was made illegal. Tim Scully, a prominent chemist, made some of these tablets, but said that most of the "Sunshine" in the US came through Ronald Stark, who imported about thirty-five million doses from Europe.
Over a period of time, tablet dimensions, weight, shape and concentration of LSD evolved from large (4.5-8.1 mm in diameter), weight class (> = 150 mg), round, high concentrations (90-350 Ã,Âμg/tab) small dose unit (2.0-3.5 mm in diameter) light (as low as 4.7 mg/tab), various shapes, low concentration (12-85 Ã,Âμg/tab, average range 30-40 Âμg/tab) dose unit. The LSD tablet form includes cylinders, cones, stars, spacecraft, and heart shapes. The smallest tablet is known as "Microdots".
After the tablet appears "computer acid" or "LSD ink paper", it is usually made by dipping a sheet of paper blotting mold into a LSD/water/alcohol solution. More than 200 types of LSD tablets have been discovered since 1969 and over 350 ink paper designs have been observed since 1975. Around the same time as LSD ink paper comes "Windowpane" (AKA "Clearlight"), which contains LSD in thin gelatin square quarter inch (6 mm). LSD has been sold under various short and regionally-restricted road names including Acid, Travel, Uncle Sid, Blotter, Lucy, Alice and doses, as well as names that reflect the design on ink paper sheets. Authorities have found drugs in other forms - including powder or crystals, and capsules.
Modern distribution
LSD producers and traders in the United States can be categorized into two groups: Some large-scale producers, and a small number of small, limited clandestine chemists, comprising independent producers operating on a relatively limited scale, can be found nationwide. As a group, independent producers are less concerned with the Drug Enforcement Administration than larger groups because their products only reach local markets.
Many LSD dealers and chemists describe religious or humanitarian causes that motivate their illicit activities. Nicholas Schou's Orange Sunshine: The Brotherhood of Eternal Love and His Quest to Spread Peace, Love and Acid to the World describes one such group, the Brotherhood of Eternal Love. This group was the main American LSD trading group in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
In the second half of the 20th century, dealers and chemists were loosely associated with Grateful Dead such as Owsley Stanley, Nicholas Sand, Karen Horning, Sarah Maltzer, "McDope Dealers," and Leonard Pickard played an important role in distributing LSD.
Mimic
Since 2005, law enforcement in the United States and elsewhere has seized several chemicals and chemical combinations in ink paper sold as LSD impersonators, including DOB, a mixture of DOC and DOI, 25I-NBOMe, and a mixture of DOC and DOB. LSD street users often get the impression that inked paper that is actively hallucinogenic can only be LSD because it is the only chemical with a dose that is low enough to fit on a small box of blotter paper. While it is true that LSD requires a lower dose than most other hallucinogens, the ink paper is able to absorb a much larger amount of material. DEA conducted an ink-based chromatographic paper analysis containing 2C-C indicating that the paper contained a greater concentration of active chemicals than the usual LSD dose, although the exact amount was not determined. Blotter LSD mimics can have a relatively small dose box; sample paper ink containing DOC seized by Concord, California police has a dose mark of about 6 mm. Some deaths have been associated with 25I-NBOMe.
Research
A number of organizations - including the Beckley Foundation, MAPS, Heffter Research Institute and the Albert Hofmann Foundation - were present to fund, encourage, and coordinate research into drug and spiritual use of LSD and related psychedelics. The new clinical LSD trial in humans began in 2009 for the first time in 35 years. Because it is illegal in many areas of the world, potential medical use is difficult to learn.
In 2001, the US Drug Enforcement Agency stated that LSD "does not produce aphrodisiac effects, does not increase creativity, has no lasting positive effect in treating alcoholics or criminals, does not produce" psychotic models ", and does not result in direct personality changes. Recently, the experimental use of LSD has included the treatment of alcoholism and pain and the healing of cluster headaches.
Psychedelic Therapy
In the 1950s and 1960s, LSD was used in psychiatry to improve psychotherapy known as psychedelic therapy. Some psychiatrists believe that LSD is very useful in helping patients to "unblock" subconscious matter through other psychotherapy methods, and also to treat alcoholism. One study concluded, "The therapeutic value of the LSD experience is its potential to generate self-acceptance and self-surrender," perhaps by forcing users to deal with problems and problems in the individual's psyche.
The last two reviews conclude that the conclusions drawn from most of these early experiments are unreliable because of serious methodological defects. This includes the absence of adequate control groups, lack of follow-up, and unclear criteria for therapeutic outcomes. In many cases, research fails to prove conclusively whether a drug or therapeutic interaction is responsible for a beneficial effect.
In recent years organizations such as the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies have updated LSD clinical research.
Other uses
In the 1950s and 1960s, some psychiatrists (eg Oscar Janiger) explored the potential effects of LSD on creativity. Experimental studies attempted to measure the influence of LSD on creative activity and aesthetic appreciation.
Since 2008 there has been ongoing research into using LSD to reduce anxiety for severely ill cancer patients facing an impending death.
A 2012 meta-analysis found evidence that a single dose of LSD in conjunction with various alcohol treatment programs was associated with a decrease in alcohol abuse, which lasted for several months, but no effect was seen in one year. Side effects include seizures, moderate confusion and agitation, nausea, vomiting, and acting in strange ways.
LSD has been used as a treatment for cluster headache with positive results in several small studies.
Leading individuals
Documentary
- Hofmann's Potion a documentary on the origin of LSD
- Power & amp; LSD Control on The Sixties on YouTube, a documentary film directed by Aron Ranen, 2006
- Inside LSD National Geographic Channel, 2009
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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