Ibogaine is currently not approved for medical purposes in the United States. Preliminary research shows that it can help with drug addiction; However, there is a lack of data in humans. Its use has been associated with serious side effects and death. It is used as an alternative medicine treatment for drug addiction in some countries. Its prohibition in other countries has slowed down scientific research. Ibogaine is also used to facilitate psychological introspection and spiritual exploration. Ibogaine derivatives that have no psychedelic properties of substance are under development.
The psychoactivity of the rootstock of the Iboga tree, from which Ibogaine was extracted, was first discovered by the Pygmy tribe in Central Africa who gave his knowledge to the Bwiti tribe in Gabon. The French explorers in turn learned it from the Bwiti tribe and brought Iboga back to Europe in 1899-1900 where it was then marketed in France as Lambarene. Preparations containing Ibogaine are used for medicinal purposes and rituals in the African spiritual tradition of Bwiti, who claim to have learned them from the Pygmies. Although first advertised as having an anti-addictive nature in 1962 by Howard Lotsof, its use in the West preceded at least a century. In France it is marketed as LambarÃÆ'¨ne and is used as a stimulant. In addition, the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) studied the effects of ibogaine in the 1950s.
Ibogaine is an indol alkaloids obtained either by extraction from the iboga plant or by semi-synthesis of voacangine precursor compounds, other plant alkaloids. The total synthesis of ibogaine was described in 1956. Structural elitidation by X-ray crystallography was completed in 1960.
Video Ibogaine
Psychoactive effects
Ibogaine comes from the roots of Tabernanthe iboga, a plant known to exhibit psychedelic effects on its users. Ibogaine's experience is broken down in two phases, the visionary phase and the introspection phase. The visionary phase has been described as oneirogenic, referring to the dream properties of its psychedelic effects, and lasts for 4 to 6 hours. The second phase, the introspection phase, is responsible for the effects of psychotherapy. It can enable people to conquer their fears and negative emotions. Ibogaine catalyzes a state of altered consciousness that reminds the dream when conscious and fully conscious that memories, life experiences, and trauma problems can be processed.
Maps Ibogaine
Usage
Medical
Ibogaine is not currently approved for any medical purposes. Ibogaine's clinical studies to treat drug addiction began in the early 1990s, but concerns about cardiotoxicity led to the discontinuation of the study. There is currently no sufficient data to determine whether it is useful in treating addiction. Nevertheless, some alternative medicine clinics manage ibogaine for this purpose, in what is called a "vast and uncontrolled experiment." Ibogaine's clinical trial for the treatment of alcoholism is currently underway in Brazil.
Religion
In the Bwiti religious ceremony, the root bark is crushed and swallowed in large quantities to produce intense psychoactive effects.
Adverse effects
Immediate
One of the first real effects of large doses of ibogain consumption is ataxia, difficulty in coordinating muscle movements that make standing and walking difficult without help. Xerostomia (dry mouth), nausea, and vomiting may occur. These symptoms may last a long time, ranging from 4 to 24 hours in some cases. Ibogaine is sometimes given per the rectum to avoid nausea and vomiting.
Cardiovascular
Ibogaine causes long QT syndrome in therapeutic doses, apparently by blocking the hERG potassium channel in the heart.
Neurotoxicity
Working in Mark Molliver's laboratory at Johns Hopkins showed the degeneration of Purkinje cerebellar cells observed in mice given a much larger ibogain dose than those used to study self-administration drugs and withdrawal. However, subsequent studies found no evidence of neurotoxicity in primates or mice at doses that resulted in cerebellar degeneration in mice, and have suggested that cerebellar degeneration may be a phenomenon confined to one species. The FDA realized Molliver's work at that time approved a Phase 1 study in which humans accepted ibogaine in 1993. Neuropathological examination revealed no evidence of degenerative changes in women who had received four separate ibogaine doses between 10 and 30 mg/kg during the 15 month interval before his death due to mesenteric arterial thrombosis with small intestinal infarcts 25 days after the consumption of his last ibogaine. A temporarily published series of deaths associated with ingestion of ibogaine found no evidence to suggest typical neurotoxicity syndrome.
Interactions
Adverse interactions may occur between ibogaine and psychiatric drugs. Several studies have also shown the possibility of adverse interactions with heart conditions.
Because ibogaine is one of many drugs partially metabolized by the cytochrome P450 complex, care should be taken to avoid the same foods or drugs metabolized by CP450, especially foods containing bergamottin or bergamot oil, such as grapefruit juice.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Ibogaine affects many different neurotransmitter systems simultaneously.
Noribogaine is most potent as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor. It acts as a moderate receptor-agonist and a weak μ-opioid receptor agonist or a weak partial agonist. It is possible that the action of ibogaine on kappa opioid receptors may indeed contribute significantly to the psychoactive effects associated with ibogain consumption; Salvia divinorum, another plant known for its strong hallucinogenic properties, contains salvinorin A chemical which is a highly selective kappa opioid agonist. Noribogaine is stronger than ibogaine in rat drug discrimination tests when tested for the subjective effects of ibogaine.
Pharmacokinetics
Ibogaine is metabolized in the human body by cytochrome P450 2D6 to noribogaine (more precisely, O-desmethylibogaine or 12-hydroxyibogamine). Both ibogain and noribogaine had a two-hour plasma half-life in mice, although the noribogaine half was slightly longer than the parent compound. It is proposed that ibogaine is stored in fat and metabolized to noribogaine upon release. After the consumption of ibogain in humans, noribogaine showed higher plasma levels than ibogaine and was detected for longer periods of time than ibogaine.
Chemistry
Ibogaine is tryptamine. It has two separate chiral centers, meaning there are four different ibogaine stereoisomers. These four isomers are difficult to solve.
Synthesis
A total synthesis of ibogaine and related drugs begins with 2-iodo-4-methoxyaniline which is reacted with triethyl ((4- (triethylsilyl) but -3-yn-1-yl) oxy) silane using palladium acetate in DMF to form 2 - (triethylsilyl) -3- (2 - ((triethylsilyl) oxy) ethyl) -1H-indole. It is converted using N-iodosuccinamide and then fluoride to form 2- (2-iodo-1H-indol-3-yl) ethanol. It is treated with iodine, triphenyl phosphine and imidazole to form 2-iodo-3- (2-iodoethyl) -1H-indole. Then using 7-ethyl-2-azabicyclo [2.2.2] oct-5-ene and cesium carbonate in acetonitrile, a precursor of ibogaine 7-ethyl 2- (2- (2-iodo-1H-indol-3-yl) ethyl) -2-azabicyclo [2.2.2] oct-5-ene is obtained. By using palladium acetate in DMF, ibogain was obtained. If the ethyl exo group in the 2-azabicyclo octane system [2.2.2] in ibogaine is replaced with ethyl endo epiibogaine is formed.
Crystalline ibogaine hydrochloride is usually produced by semi-synthesis of voacangine in a commercial laboratory.
Derivatives
The synthetic derivative of ibogaine, 18-methoxycoronaridine (18-MC), is a selective antagonist 3? 4 developed collaboratively by neuroscientist Stanley D. Glick (Albany) and the chemist Martin E. Kuehne (Vermont). This discovery is stimulated by previous studies on other natural analogs of ibogaine such as coronary and voacangine which suggest these compounds also have anti-addictive properties.
Natural events
Ibogaine occurs naturally in the skin of the stem of iboga. Ibogaine is also available in the total plant alkaloid extract Tabernanthe iboga , which also contains all the other ibogaacal alkaloids and thus only has about half the weight potential as a standard ibogaine hydrochloride.
History
The use of iboga in African spiritual ceremonies was first reported by French and Belgian explorers in the 19th century. The first botanical description of the Tabernanthe iboga plant was created in 1889. Ibogaine was first isolated from T. iboga in 1901 by Dybowski and Landrin and independently by Haller and Heckel in the year the same using the T. iboga sample from Gabon. Ibogaine's complete synthesis was carried out by G. BÃÆ'¼chi in 1966. Since then, several other synthesis methods have been developed.
From 1930 to 1960s, ibogaine was sold in France in the form of LambarÃÆ'¨ne, plant extract Tabernanthe manii , and promoted as a mental and physical stimulant. The drug enjoyed some popularity among post-World War II athletes. LambarÃÆ'¨ne was withdrawn from the market in 1966 when the sale of ibogain-containing products became illegal in France.
In the late 1960s the World Health Assembly classified ibogaine as "a substance that may cause dependence or harm human health," the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) determined the classification of Schedule I, and the International Olympic Committee banned it as potential doping. agent.
Anecdotal reports of the effects of ibogaine emerged in the early 1960s. His anti-addictive character was accidentally discovered by Howard Lotsof in 1962, at the age of 19, when he and five of his friends - all heroin addicts - noted the subjective reduction of their addictions and withdrawal symptoms while taking it. Further anecdotal observations convince many potential benefits in treating substance addiction. He was contracted with a Belgian company to produce ibogaine in tablet form for clinical trials in the Netherlands, and was awarded a US patent for the product in 1985. The first goal, Ibogaine's placebo-controlled evidence to reduce opioid withdrawal in mice was published by Dzoljic et al. in 1988. The decrease in self-administered morphine was reported in a preclinical study by Glick et al. in 1991. Cappendijk et al. showed a reduction in self-sufficiency cocaine in mice in 1993, and Rezvani reported a decrease in alcohol dependence on three "preferred alcohol" mice in 1995.
When the use of ibogaine is scattered, the administration varies greatly; some groups manage it systematically using well-developed methods and medical personnel, while others use haphazard and possibly harmful methodologies. Many and his colleagues, committed to the traditional administration of ibogaine, developed their own treatment regimen. In 1992, Eric Taub took ibogaine to an offshore location near the United States, where he began providing care and popularizing its use. In Costa Rica, Lex Kogan, another prominent supporter, joins with Taub in systematizing his administration. The two men set up a medically monitored treatment clinic in several countries.
In 1981 an unnamed European factory produced 44 kg of iboga extract. The entire stock was purchased by Carl Waltenburg, who distributed it under the name "Indra extract" and used it in 1982 to treat heroin addicts in Christiania, Denmark, a wild village where heroin addiction is widespread. Indra extracts are available for sale through the Internet until 2006, when the web presence of Indra disappears. Various products are currently sold in a number of countries as "Indra extracts", but it is unclear whether anyone comes from Waltenburg's original stock. Ibogain and related indole compounds are susceptible to oxidation over time.
The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) began funding ibogaine's clinical studies in the United States in the early 1990s, but stopped the project in 1995. Data showing ibogaine's efficacy in reducing opioids in drug-dependent human subjects has been published by Alper. i> et al. in 1999. A cohort of 33 patients was treated with 6 to 29 mg/kg ibogaine; 25 displayed a resolution of signs of opioid withdrawal from 24 hours to 72 hours post-treatment, but one 24-year-old woman, who received the highest dose, died. Mash et al. , (2000) using lower oral doses (10-12 mg/kg) in 27 patients, showed a significant reduction of objective obese score on heroin addicts 36 hours after treatment, with self-reported cocaine decline and opiate desire and relieve depressive symptoms. Many of these effects appear ongoing for one month post-return follow-up.
Society and culture
Legal status
The Ibogain Global Therapy Alliance publishes a map of Ibogain's legal status in various countries around the world.
Brazil
On January 14, 2016, Ibogaine was authorized to use the prescription at SÃÆ'Â £ Paulo, Brazil, with this legalization to be extended throughout the country in a few months.
Canada
Ibogaine was not set in Canada in 2009. Then Health Canada added ibogaine to the Prescription Drug List (PDL) in 2017.
German
Ibogaine is not regulated in Germany, but for medical use it can be governed by pharmaceutical rules (AMG).
New Zealand
Ibogaine was inaugurated in New Zealand in 2009 as an unapproved prescription drug.
Norwegian
Ibogaine is illegal in Norway (like all tryptamine derivatives).
Swedish
Ibogaine is schedule I in Sweden.
United Kingdom
In January 2017 in the UK, ibogaine was an unlicensed medical product.
United States
Ibogaine is classified as a Schedule I-controlled substance in the United States, and is not approved there for addictive treatment (or other therapeutic use) due to its hallucinogenic, neurotoxic, and cardiovascular side effects, and the scarcity of safety and efficacy data in human subjects.
Clinic care
Ibogaine's treatment clinics have appeared in Mexico, Canada, the Netherlands, South Africa, and New Zealand, all operating in what has been described as a "gray legal area". Costa Rica also has a treatment center, mainly run by Lex Kogan, a leading ibogaine supporter. Covert, illegal neighborhood clinics are known to exist in the United States, even though DEA ​​surveillance is active. While ibogain-assisted clinical detoxification guidelines are released by the Global Ibogain Therapy Alliance by 2015, addiction specialists warn that drug treatment with ibogain in non-medical settings, without expert supervision and without appropriate psychosocial care, can be harmful - and , in about one case at 300, potentially fatal.
Media
Documentary movie
Detox or Die (2004)
- Directed by David Graham Scott. David Graham Scott began recording his heroin addicts. Before long, he himself was addicted to the drug. He finally changed the camera for himself and his family. After 12 years of debilitating, painful reliance on methadone, Scott turned into ibogaine. Filmed in Scotland and England, and broadcast on BBC One as the third installment of the One Life documentary series.
Ibogaine: Rite of Passage (2004)
- Directed by Ben Deloenen. Cy a 34-year-old heroin addict underwent ibogaine treatment with Dr. Martin Polanco at the Ibogaine Association, a clinic in Rosarito Mexico. Deloenen interviewed people who were previously addicted to heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine, who shared their perspective on ibogaine's treatment. In Gabon, a Babongo woman received iboga root for her depressive illness. Deloenen visually contrasts with the use of Western and clinical ibogain with Bwiti using the roots of iboga, but emphasizes the Western context.
Dealing with Habit (2007)
- Directed by Magnolia Martin. Martin's subject is a former millionaire and stockbroker who travels to Mexico for the treatment of ibogaine for heroin addiction.
Stumbled in Amsterdam (2008)
- In this short film directed by Jan Bednarz, Simon "Swany" Wan visits the iboga care center at Sara Glatt in Amsterdam. TV is currently broadcasting the documentary in 2008, as part of their "Quarter-life Crisis" programming sequence.
I'm Dangerous with Love (2009)
"Hallucinogens" (2012)
- In one of five segments of the Drugs, Inc. episode. on National Geographic Channel, a former heroin user treating addicts with ibogaine in Canada. He himself uses ibogaine to stop the abuse of narcotics.:
"Addiction" (2013)
- This HBO documentary episode Representatives devotes a segment for ibogaine use to stop heroin addiction.
"The Ibogaine Safari" (2014)
- A documentary film by filmmaker Pierre le Roux, investigated the painless Opiate withdrawal claims like Njope/Heroin in South Africa by taking some addicts on a safari adventure while taking Ibogaine. The documentary won the award for excellence for the best 'Short documentary' at the 2014 International Canada film festival.
Print media
While in Wisconsin covering the main campaign for the 1972 US presidential election, gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson filed a satire article to Rolling Stone accusing Democratic candidate Edmund Muskie of addiction to ibogaine. Many readers, and even other journalists, did not realize that the piece of Rolling Stone was joking. Ibogaine's statement, completely unfounded, did a great deal of damage to Muskie's reputation, and was cited as a factor in the disappearance of his nomination to George McGovern. Thompson later said he was surprised that anyone believed him. This article belongs to the anthology anthology of Thompson, Fear and Hate in the Campaigns' Footprint '72 (1973).
Writer and Yippie Dana Beal co-authored 1997 book The Ibogaine Story .
American writer Daniel Pinchbeck writes of his own experience of ibogaine in his book Breaking Open the Head (2002), and in a 2003 article for The Guardian titled "Ten years of therapy in one night".
Television drama
The Ibogaine factors into the stories of these episodes from the television drama series:
- "Via Negativa". X-Files . Season 8. Episode 7. December 17, 2000. Fox Broadcasting Company.
- "Getting Off". CSI: Investigation of crime scene . Season 4. Episode 16. February 26, 2004. CBS.
- "Users". Legal & amp; Order: Special Victim Unit . Season 11. Episode 7. November 4, 2009. NBC. < span>
- "Echoes". Nikita . Season 1. Episode 16. February 24, 2011. CW Television Network.
- "One Last Time". Homeland (TV series) . Season 3. Episode 9. 24 November 2013. Performances.
- "Bon Voyage". Graceland (TV series) . Season 3. Episode 7. 6 August 2015. USA Network.
Radio
- "Sink or Swim. Round Two I'm Not a Doctor But I'm Playing One At Holiday Inn." American life . Episode 321. December 1, 2006. Ã , - - A former heroin addict realizes that he wants to help other junkies kick their habits. The problem is, he wants to do this using a hallucinogenic drug - ibogaine - which is completely illegal, and which requires medical expertise that he does not possess.
Research
Addiction treatment
The most learned therapeutic effect of ibogaine is the reduction or elimination of opioid addiction. The integral effect is the alleviation of opioid withdrawal symptoms. Studies have also shown that ibogain may be useful in treating dependence on other substances such as alcohol, methamphetamine, and nicotine and may affect patterns of compulsive behavior that do not involve substance abuse or chemical dependence. The researchers note that there is still "a need for systematic investigation in the setting of conventional clinical research."
Many ibogaine report users experience visual phenomena during the waking dream state, such as an instructive replay of life events that cause their addiction, while others report the vision of a therapeutic shaman who helps them conquer the fear and negative emotions that might encourage their addiction. It is proposed that intensive counseling, therapy and care after the interruption period after treatment are of significant value. Some individuals require a second or third treatment session with ibogaine for the next 12 to 18 months. A small percentage of individuals relapse completely become addicted to opiates in days or weeks. A comprehensive article (Lotsof 1995) on the subject of ibogaine therapy detailing the procedures, effects and side effects found in "Ibogaine in Chemical Disturbance Disorder Treatment: Clinical Perspective". Ibogaine has also been reported in several small research groups to reduce the desire for shabu-shabu.
There is also evidence that this type of treatment works with LSD, which has been shown to have a therapeutic effect on alcoholism. Both ibogaine and LSD seem to be effective for encouraging introspection and allowing users the opportunity to reflect on the source of their addiction while also generating intense transformative experiences that can put an established behavioral pattern into perspective; ibogaine has the added benefit of preventing withdrawal effects.
Chronic pain management
In 1957, Jurg Schneider, a pharmacologist at CIBA (now a division of Novartis), found that ibogaine was potentially morphine analgesia. No additional data has ever been published by CIBA researchers about the interactions of ibogain-opioids. Nearly 50 years later, Patrick Kroupa and Hattie Wells released the first treatment protocol for ibogain administration along with opioids in human subjects, suggesting that ibogaine reduces tolerance to opioid drugs. Their paper in the Multidisciplinary Association for the Psychedelic Studies Journal shows that low doses of ibogaine HCl "maintenance" with opioids lowered tolerance, but noted that the ibogaine potentiation action could make this procedure risky.
Psychotherapy
Ibogaine has been used as an adjunct to psychotherapy by Claudio Naranjo, documented in his book The Healing Journey . He was granted a patent CA 939 266 in 1974.
See also
- Coronaridine
- Tabernanthine
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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