Ether's consumption addiction , or etheromania , is an addiction to inhaling or drinking diethyl ether, commonly called "ether". Studies, including ether addiction in 2003, have shown that ether causes dependence; However, the only symptom observed is the desire to consume more ether. There are no common withdrawal symptoms.
Video Ether addiction
History
During the second half of the nineteenth century, ether favored as a recreational drug in several places, became very popular in Ireland, as campaigners considered it an acceptable alternative to alcohol. Indeed until 1890, when classified as toxic, more than 17,000 gallons (77,000 L) of ether was consumed in Ireland, mostly as a beverage.
The addiction to ether consumption has caused serious social problems in Poland between the two World Wars. Drinking ether, as well as related fluids (Hoffman drops) are common and widespread especially in the Upper Silesia region. According to a survey conducted in the 1930s, in certain villages most of the public school students had regularly drank ether. Teachers have remembered that at certain times they had to send students in the house under the influence of the drug. Ether drinkers by miners have caused prohibition problems prohibiting access to drunk people to mines (the main cause of concern is the risk of fire). The plant physician has received a stern warning to drastically limit the purchase of ether and its mixture for the factory doctor's office. The Catholic Church is involved in fighting this addiction - often the topic of sermons, some priests refuse the forgiveness of sins for the addicted, and even report their parishioners to the police. Ether consumption also spread in Suwa region? Ki, southeastern Poland, the Beskidy mountains, Kujawy, Pomerania and around Cz? Stochowa.
Ether mainly comes from Germany, smuggled across the border with Germany, sometimes also from Czechoslovakia. The local government estimates the number of smugglers to reach thousands of kilograms per year. Ether is primarily conducted across borders by people living near the border. Also, specially trained dogs are used to smuggle ether. Both the person and the dog have transported the goods in a protruding metal container located very close to the body and attached to it with a rope (called blachany in the local language of the smuggler, from the Polish word blacha > which means "steel sheet", from where they are made). Sometimes special compartments in cars are used, although noted efforts include transporting ether through a cable car that runs across the border river.
Ether is distributed among the villages by carts transporting straw, as well as by traveling traders, organ grinders and beggars. In the villages themselves, the ether is distributed in designated places, called kapliczki ("chapel" in Polish). This is where the sale and consumption. Many accidents caused by improper fire handling are recorded in such places.
Maps Ether addiction
Consumption
Ether consumption has taken many forms, ranging from pure drinking, with a gulp of water occasionally. This is the most effective method; However, it is also very dangerous: ether is very volatile, and boils at 35 degrees Celsius. This causes a hiccup in the form of its gas, and in extreme cases it can cause a rupture of the stomach wall. Ether is usually diluted using boiled water with a little sugar, cinnamon or honey and cloves. Individuals
Another recorded device of consumption is by inhaling steam, which develops at room temperature due to ether volatility. The risk for gastric systems inherent in ether sucking is avoided by inhalation, and the effect is significantly more durable.
Legislation
In 1923, the Polish Sejern had banned the sale of ether for consumption. In 1928, ether was officially classified as a drug - an expanded anti-drug law to include it. Severe penalties - up to five years in prison and high financial penalties - have not only been imposed on smuggling and ether trade since then, but also for possession.
In the second half of the 1930s. media and government institutions have focused on the problem. In May 1936, a special conference in Katowice was called by the Polish National Committee for Drugs and Drug Addiction Prevention that functioned within the Ministry of Labor and Social Policy.
Effects
The ether poisoning effect is similar to alcohol intoxication, but is stronger. Also, because of NMDA antagonism, users may experience distorted thinking, euphoria, and visual/auditory hallucinations at higher doses.
Superstition
The common belief of the people is that the consumption of ether has a good effect. It is believed that ether is a miracle cure for all diseases.
Current situation
Ether is still occasionally consumed in the border regions of Poland, Slovakia and Lithuania.
According to current law, the highest permissible concentration of diethyl ether fumes in the workplace is 300 mg/m 3 .
Literature
In Tolstoy's War and Peace (set in 1812 and published in 1869) the Countess Rostova sitting room is described as having the strong odor of Hoffman's drops (Book 3, part 3, chapter 13).
In the autobiographical work of the French writer Patrick Modiano, the use of ether in the early 60s and indirect reference occurs in his novels.
Eter is mentioned in the 1971 Hunter S. Thompson novel Fear and Hate in Las Vegas because of its drug effect, clearly describing it as the most powerful and losing property to the man who took it. In fact it is seen in one of the most famous quotes of the book:
We have two pockets of grass, seventy five mescaline grains, five sheets of high-strength reinforcing acid, half coconut salt shaker, and all the top multi-colored galaxies, downers, screamers, laughers... and also a quart of tequila, one liter rum, one case Budweiser, one pint of raw ether, and two dozen amyl.
... Not that we need everything for the trip, but once you are locked in a serious drug collection, the tendency is to push it as far as you can.
The only thing that really worries me is the ether. Nothing in this world is more powerless and irresponsible and damaged than a man in a big party.
Thompson's description of the ether effects in his novel is exaggerated and somewhat fictitious, along with his discovery of the psychedelic effects of adrenochrome later in this book.
Dr Wilbur Larch, dalam novel John Irving The Cider House Rules , adalah pecandu eter.
In the second season of the television series Borgia (TV series), Rodrigo Borgia, named Pope Alexander VI, and his employer became addicted to the vitriol sweet oil (an outdated name for diethyl ether). Delusions, paranoia, and hallucinations distract the pope as he becomes deeper in his addiction.
References
Further reading
- Zandberg, Adrian (2010), "" Village... Reek Ether Vapors ": Ether Drinking in Silesia before 1939 ", Medical History , vol.Ã, 54 no.Ã, 3, p. 387-396, doi: 10.1017/s002572730000466x, PMCÃ, 2890321 , PMIDÃ,20592886 Miller, Richard Lawrence (2002), "Ether", The Drug Encyclopedia, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, pp.Ã, 153 -154, ISBNÃ, 0-313-31807-7 , retrieved November 7 2010 Calwell, William (August 13, 1910), "Ether Drinking in Ulster", British Medical Journal , 2 (2589): 387-389, doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.2589.383, JSTORÃ,25291724Ã, Note: BMJ allows free registration to access articles. If the article can be found in the BMJ archive, it will be accessible via the method
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