Ganja , also known as cannabis among other names, is a psychoactive drug from Cannabis plants intended for medical or recreational use. The main psychoactive part of marijuana is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC); one of the 483 known compounds in the plant, including at least 65 other cannabinoids. Cannabis can be used by smoking, yawning, in food, or as an extract.
Cannabis is often used for its mental and physical effects, such as "high" or "stoned" feelings, general changes in perception, euphoria (high mood), and increased appetite. The onset of the effect is only a few minutes when sucked, and about 30 to 60 minutes when cooked and eaten. They last between two and six hours. Short-term side effects may include decreases in short-term memory, dry mouth, impaired motor skills, red eyes, and feelings of paranoia or anxiety. Long-term side effects may include addiction, decreased mental ability in those who start as teenagers, and behavioral problems in children whose mothers use marijuana during pregnancy. Studies have found a strong association between the use of cannabis and the risk of psychosis, although causal relationships are debated.
Cannabis is mostly used recreationally or as a medicine, although it can also be used for religious or spiritual purposes. In 2013, between 128 and 232 million people used cannabis (2.7% to 4.9% of the global population between the ages of 15 and 65). By 2015, 43% of Americans have used marijuana, which increased to 51% by 2016. Approximately 12% have used it in the past year, and 7.3% have used it in the past month. This makes it the most commonly used drug in the world and the United States.
The earliest recordings date from the 3rd millennium BC. Since the beginning of the 20th century, marijuana has been subject to legal restrictions. Illegal possession, use and sale of marijuana in most countries of the world. Medical marijuana refers to the use of cannabis recommended by doctors, which takes place in Canada, Belgium, Australia, the Netherlands, Germany, Spain, and 23 US states. The use of marijuana began to become popular in the US in the 1970s. Support for legalization has increased in the United States and some US states have legalized recreational or medical uses.
Video Cannabis (drug)
Usage
Medical
Medical marijuana, or medical marijuana, may refer to the use of cannabis and cannabinoids to treat illnesses or improve symptoms; however, there is no mutually agreed definition. Strict scientific research on marijuana as a drug has been hampered by restrictions on production and other federal regulations. There is limited evidence showing cannabis can be used to reduce nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy, to increase appetite in people with HIV/AIDS, and to treat chronic pain and muscle spasms. Its use for other medical applications is not sufficient for conclusions about safety or efficacy.
Short-term use increases the risk of minor and major adverse effects. Common side effects include dizziness, feeling tired and vomiting. The long-term effects of cannabis are unclear. Concerns include memory and cognition problems, addiction risk, schizophrenia in young people, and the risk of children taking it by accident.
Recreation
Cannabis has psychoactive and physiological effects when consumed. The desired immediate effects of consuming marijuana include relaxation and euphoria ("high" or "stoned" feelings), general changes of conscious perception, increased sensation awareness, increased libido and distortion in the perception of space and time. At higher doses, effects may include changes in body image, auditory and/or visual illusions, pseudohalucination and ataxia from selective polysynaptic reflective damage. In some cases, cannabis can cause dissociative states such as depersonalization and derealization.
Some unwanted side effects include decreases in short-term memory, dry mouth, impaired motor ability and eye redness. Aside from the subjective changes in perception and mood, the most common short-term physical and neurological effects include increased heart rate, increased appetite and food consumption, lower blood pressure, short-term memory impairment and work, psychomotor coordination, and concentration.. Some users may experience episodes of acute psychosis, which usually subside after six hours, but in rare cases, heavy users may find symptoms that persist for several days. Decline in quality of life is associated with the use of severe marijuana, although the relationship is inconsistent and weaker than tobacco and other substances. It is not clear, however, that relationships are cause and effect.
Spiritual
Cannabis has held a sacred status in several religions. It has been used in an entheogenic context - a chemical used in a religious, shamanic or spiritual context - in India and Nepal since the Vedic period dating back to about 1500 BC, but probably as far back as 2000 BC. There are several references in Greek mythology to powerful drugs that remove sadness and sadness. Herodotus writes about early ceremonial practices by the Skit people, who were thought to have occurred from the 5th century until the 2nd century BC. In modern culture, the use of cannabis spirituality has been spread by the disciples of the Rastafari movement who use cannabis as a sacrament and as a help for meditation. The earliest known reports on the sacred status of cannabis in India and Nepal originated from Atharva Veda, which was thought to have been written around 2000-1400 BC.
Available form
Cannabis is consumed in various ways:
- smoking, which usually involves burning and inhaling vaporized ("smoke") kanabinoids from small pipes, bongs (hookah portable versions with water chambers), paper-wrapped joints or bundles wrapped in tobacco, other goods.
- vaporizer, which heats all cannabis forms up to 165-190Ã, Â ° C (329-374Ã, Â ° F), causes the active ingredient to vaporize into vapor without burning plant material (THC boiling point is 157Ã, Â °). Â ° C (315 Â ° F) at 760 mmHg pressure).
- cannabis tea, which contains relatively small THC concentrations because THC is oil (lipophilic) and only slightly soluble in water (with a solubility of 2.8 mg per liter). Teh marijuana is made by adding saturated fat to hot water (eg cream or milk other than skim) with a bit of marijuana.
- edibles, in which cannabis is added as ingredient to one of a variety of foods, including butter and baked goods. In India it is usually made into a drink, bhang.
Maps Cannabis (drug)
Adverse effects
According to the US Department of Health and Human Services, there are 455,000 emergency room visits associated with the use of cannabis in 2011. These statistics include visits where patients are treated for conditions caused by or associated with recent marijuana use. Drug use should be "involved" in the emergency department visit, but not necessarily a direct cause of the visit. Most emergency room visits involve some drugs. In 129,000 cases, marijuana is the only drug involved.
Severe, long-term exposure to marijuana may have biological, physical, mental, behavioral, and social health consequences and may be "linked to liver disease (especially with existing hepatitis C), lung, heart and blood vessels." It is recommended that marijuana use be discontinued before and during pregnancy as it may result in negative results for both mother and baby. However, the use of marijuana moms during pregnancy appears to be unrelated to low birth weight or early labor after controlling tobacco use and other confounding factors. A review of 2014 found that although the use of cannabis may be less harmful than alcohol use, a recommendation to replace it with problem drinking is premature without further study. Other side effects include the cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome.
Acute
Acute effects may include anxiety and panic, attention disturbance, and memory (during intoxication), an increased risk of psychotic symptoms, and a possible increased risk of accidents if a person is driving a motor vehicle while intoxicated. Short-term cannabis poisoning can inhibit the mental processes of organizing and collecting thoughts. This condition is known as time disintegration. Psychotic episodes are well documented and usually resolved in minutes or hours. There have been reports of symptoms that last longer. Research has found that the use of cannabis during adolescence is associated with memory disorders that persist beyond short-term drunkenness.
Lung
A number of limited studies have examined the effects of cannabis smoking on the respiratory system. Smoking chronically heavy marijuana is associated with cough, sputum production, wheezing, and other chronic bronchitis symptoms. The available evidence does not support a causal relationship between the use of cannabis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Short-term use of marijuana is associated with bronchodilation.
Cancer
Marijuan smoke contains thousands of organic and inorganic chemicals. The tar is chemically similar to that found in tobacco smoke, and more than fifty known carcinogens have been identified in cannabis smoke, including; nitrosamine, reactive aldehyde, and polyclic hydrocarbons, including benz [a] pyrene. Smoke cannabis is also inhaled more deeply than tobacco smoke. By 2015, there is no consensus as to whether smoking marijuana is associated with an increased risk of cancer. The use of mild and moderate marijuana is not believed to increase the risk of lung cancer or upper airway cancers. The evidence for causing this cancer is mixed about long-term heavy use. In general there is a much lower risk of pulmonary complications for regular cannabis smokers when compared to tobacco. The 2015 review found an association between the use of cannabis and progression of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT), particularly non-seminoma TGCT. The 2015 analysis of six studies found little evidence that long-term or regular cannabis smoking is associated with lung cancer risk, although it can not rule out whether there is any association with heavy smoking. Another 2015 meta-analysis found no association between lifetime cannabis use and risk of head or neck cancer. Burning products do not exist when using a vaporizer, taking THC in pill form, or consuming cannabis foods.
Cardiovascular
There is concern that cannabis can cause cardiovascular disease. By 2018 evidence of an association is unclear.
Cannabis is believed to be a burdensome factor in rare cases of arteritis, a serious condition that in some cases causes amputation. Because 97% of case reports also smoke tobacco, formal relations with cannabis can not be done. If cannabis arteritis turns out to be a different clinical entity, it may be a consequence of the observed vasoconstrictor activity of delta-8-THC and delta-9-THC. Other serious cardiovascular events including myocardial infarction, stroke, sudden cardiac death, and cardiomyopathy have been reported to be temporally associated with the use of cannabis. Research in these events is complicated because marijuana is often used in conjunction with tobacco, and drugs such as alcohol and cocaine. This putative effect can be taken in the context of various cardiovascular phenomena regulated by the endocannabinoid system and the overall role of marijuana in causing decreased peripheral resistance and increased cardiac output, which could potentially pose a threat to those with cardiovascular disease. There is some evidence from case reports that cannabis use can provoke fatal cardiovascular events in young people who have not been diagnosed with cardiovascular disease. Smoking marijuana has also been shown to increase the risk of myocardial infarction 4.8 times for 60 minutes after consumption.
Neurological
Anatomy and brain chemistry
The use of marijuana is associated with neuroanatomic changes in brain regions rich in cannabinoid receptors, such as the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and cerebellum. The same review found that larger doses of marijuana and earlier age at onset of use were also associated with the change. It is not clear, however, whether these changes are caused by the use of marijuana or are present prior to such use. A 2010 review found resting blood flow to be lower globally and in the prefrontal area of ​​the brain in marijuana users, when compared to non-users. It also shows that administration of THC or marijuana correlates with increased blood flow in this area, and facilitates the activation of the anterior cingulate cortex and the frontal cortex when participants are presented with tasks that demand cognitive capacity utilization. Both reviews noted that some of the studies they examined had methodological limitations, such as small sample sizes or not distinguishing between consumption of marijuana and alcohol. Users of marijuana seem to have smaller hippocampi than non-users; These findings are based on a series of small studies with inconsistent designs, making it uncertain. A 2016 meta-analysis found that ordinary marijuana users tend to have gesture reactivity, the intensity ranging from moderate to very high.
There is limited evidence that the use of chronic cannabis can reduce the level of glutamate metabolites in the human brain.
Function
A 2012 meta-analysis found that the effects of cannabis use on neurocognitive function were "limited to the first 25 days of dietary restriction" and that there is no evidence that such use has long-term effects, while a 2011 review found that marijuana use is impaired. cognitive functioning at several levels, from basic coordination to executive functional tasks.
Psychiatry
Epidemiological studies have found a strong correlation between the use of cannabis and the risk of psychosis, and found a higher risk with higher strains in THC. However, not all researchers consider this relationship to reflect a causal relationship between the use of cannabis and psychosis.
It is unclear whether the use of cannabis affects suicide rates. This may increase the risk of depression, but more research is needed in this area.
Chronic usage
The effects of chronic use may include bronchitis, cannabis dependency syndrome, and delicate attention and memory disorders. These deficits survive while being chronically intoxicated. There is little evidence that cognitive impairment persists in abstain adult marijuana users. Compared to non-smokers, people who smoke cannabis on a regular basis in adolescence show reduced connectivity in certain brain regions associated with memory, learning, vigilance, and executive function. A study showed that heavy, daily, and continuous adolescent marijuana use for decades was associated with a decrease in IQ at age 38. No effect was found on those who started marijuana later, or in those who stopped early in adulthood.
Tolerance and withdrawal
Cannabis usually does not cause symptoms of tolerance or withdrawal except in heavy users. In a survey of heavy users, 42.4% experienced withdrawal symptoms when they tried to stop using marijuana, such as addiction, irritability, boredom, anxiety and sleep disturbances. About 9% of those who experiment with cannabis eventually become dependent. This number rose to 1 in 6 among those who began to be used as teenagers, and a quarter to a half of those who used it every day based on NIDA reviews. Overview 2013 estimates daily use is associated with a 10-20% dependency rate. The highest risk of cannabis dependence is found in those with a history of poor academic performance, deviant behavior in childhood and adolescence, rebellion, poor parental relationships, or parental history of drug and alcohol problems. Withdrawal lighter is lighter than alcohol withdrawal.
Motor vehicle accident
Cannabis is the most common illegal drug reported in motor vehicle accidents. A meta-analysis 2012 found that the use of cannabis was associated with an increased risk of being involved in motor vehicle accidents. The 2016 review also found a statistically significant increase in the risk of accidents associated with cannabis use, but noted that these risks were "low to medium." The increased risk of motor vehicle accidents for cannabis use is between 2 and 3 times relative to the baseline, whereas for comparable doses of alcohol is between 6 and 15 times.
Overdose
THC, the main psychoactive constituent of cannabis plants, has low toxicity. The THC dose required to kill 50% of the mice tested is very high. Cannabis has not been reported to cause a fatal overdose in humans.
Pharmacology
Action mechanism
The high-solubility of the cannabinoids causes them to stay in the body for long periods of time. Even after one THC, detectable THC levels can be found in the body for weeks or longer (depending on the amount given and the sensitivity of the assessment method). A number of researchers have suggested that this is an important factor in the effects of cannabis, probably because cannabinoids can accumulate in the body, especially in the lipid membranes of neurons.
Not until the end of the 20th century was the specific mechanism of THC action at the neuronal level under study. The researchers then confirmed that THC provides the most prominent effect through its actions on two types of cannabinoid receptors, CB receptors 1 and CB receptors 2 , both of which are receptor G protein pairs. The receptor CB 1 is found primarily in the brain as well as in some peripheral tissues, and the CB receptor 2 is found primarily in peripheral tissue, but is also expressed in neuroglial cells. THC appears to alter mood and cognition through the action of agonists at receptor CB 1 , which inhibits the secondary messenger system (adenylate cyclase) in a dose-dependent manner. This action can be blocked by the selective receptor antagonist CB 1 (SR141716), which has been demonstrated in clinical trials to be an effective treatment for quitting smoking, weight loss, and as a means of controlling or reducing risk factors for syndrome metabolic. However, due to the dysphoric effect of the receptor 1 receptor antagonists, these drugs are often discontinued due to these side effects.
Through CB 1 receptor activation, THC indirectly increases the release of dopamine and produces psychotropic effects. Cannabidiol (CBD) also acts as an allosteric modulator of the receptor? And? -opioid. THC also potentiates the glycine receptor effect. It is not known whether or how this action contributes to the effects of marijuana.
Chemistry
Detection in body fluids
THC and its major (inactive) metabolites, THC-COOH, can be measured in blood, urine, hair, oral or sweat fluids using chromatographic techniques as part of drug testing or forensic investigation programs or other criminal offenses. The concentrations obtained from such an analysis can often be helpful in distinguishing the active use of passive exposure, the elapsed time since use, and the level or duration of use. However, these tests can not distinguish the allowed cigarette smoking for the medical purpose of a recreational cigarette without permission. Immunoassay commercial cannabinoids, often used as early screening methods when testing physiological specimens for the presence of marijuana, have different cross-reactivity levels with THC and their metabolites. Urine contains THC-COOH, while hair, oral and sweat fluids contain THC. Blood can contain both substances, with relative amounts dependent on current and usage levels.
The Duquenois-Levine test is commonly used as a screening test in the field, but it can not confirm the existence of marijuana definitively, as a large number of substances have been shown to give false-positive results. However, it is common in the United States for prosecutors to file a defense on the basis of a positive DL test, claiming that they are conclusive, or even to seek confidence without the use of gas chromatographic confirmations, which can only be done in the laboratory. In 2011, researchers at John Jay College of Criminal Justice reported that dietary zinc supplements can mask the presence of THC and other drugs in the urine. However, a 2013 study conducted by researchers at the University of Utah School of Medicine denied the possibility of using self-produced zinc with a false-negative urine drug test.
Varieties and strains
CBD is a 5-HT receptor agonist 1A , which can also contribute to anxiolytic effects. This may mean that the high concentrations of CBD found at Cannabis indica significantly reduce THC anxiogenic effects. The effects of sativa are notorious for their high brains, hence the use of daylight as medical marijuana, while indica is known for its sedative effects and prefers to use the night time as medical marijuana.
Psychoactive materials
According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), "the amount of THC present in marijuana samples is commonly used as a potential measure of marijuana." The three main forms of cannabis products are flower, resin (marijuana), and oil (hash oil). UNODC states that marijuana often contains THC content of 5%, resin "can contain up to 20% THC content", and that "Cannabis oil may contain more than 60% THC content."
A 2012 review found that THC content in cannabis has increased worldwide from 1970 to 2009. However, it is unclear whether an increase in THC content has caused people to consume more THC or if users adjust according to potential marijuana. It is likely that higher THC content allows people to consume less tar. At the same time, the level of CBD in the confiscated sample has declined, partly because of a desire to produce higher THC levels and because more illegal farmers are planting indoors using artificial lights. This helps avoid detection but reduces the production of CBD from the plant.
Australia's National Cannabis Information Center (NCPIC) states that female cannabis buds contain the highest THC concentrations, followed by leaves. Stalks and seeds have a "much lower THC level". The United Nations states that the leaves can contain ten times less THC than buds, and the trunk is a hundred times less THC.
After the revised marijuana schedule in the UK, the government moved the marijuana back from class C to class B drug. The reason it is recognized is the emergence of high potency marijuana. They believe skunk accounts for between 70 and 80% of samples seized by police (despite the fact that skunks can sometimes be mistaken for all types of herbal hemp). Extracts such as hashish and hash oil usually contain more THC than a high potency of pot marijuana.
Preparation
Ganja
Cannabis or marijuana (herbs of marijuana), consisting of dried flowers and subtending leaves and stem of a female cannabis plant. It is the most consumed form, containing 3% to 20% THC, with reports up to THC up to 33%. This is the stock material from which all other preparations come from. Although industrial herbs and marijuana derived from the same species and contain psychoactive components (THC), these strains differ from unique biochemical compositions and uses. Hemp has a lower THC concentration and a higher CBD concentration, which decreases the psychoactive effect
Kief
Kief is a rich, trichome powder, which can be filtered from leaves and flowers of marijuana plants and is either consumed in powdered or compressed form to produce cannabis cake. The word "kif" comes from the Arabic daily ??? k? F / k? F , which means pleasure .
Hashish
Hashish (also spelled hasheesh, hashisha, or just a hash) is a concentrated resin cake or ball produced from pressing kiefs, separate trichomes and subtle ingredients that fall from the flowers of marijuana and leaves. or from scraping the resin from the surface of the plant and rolling it into a ball. It varies in color from black to brown gold depending on the purity and variety of cultivars obtained from. It can be consumed orally or smoked, and also vaporized, or 'vaped'. The term "rosin hash" refers to products without high-quality solvents obtained through heat and pressure.
Tingtur
Cannabinoids can be extracted from marijuana plant matter using anti-evidence spirits (often wheat alcohol) to create tinctures, often referred to as "green dragons". Nabiximols is the branded product name of pharmaceutical manufacturing companies of tincture.
Hash oil
Hash oil is a cannabinoids resin matrix obtained from the Cannabis plant by solvent extraction, which is formed into a hardened or viscous mass. Hash oil can be the most powerful of the main cannabis products due to the high levels of psychoactive compounds per volume, which can vary depending on the mixture of essential oils and plant psychoactive compounds. Butane and supercritical hash carbon dioxide oils have become popular in recent years.
Infusion
There are many types of marijuana infusion due to the various non-volatile solvents used. The plant material is mixed with the solvent and then pressed and filtered to express the plant oil into the solvent. Examples of solvents used in this process are cocoa butter, butter milk, cooking oil, glycerine, and skin moisturizers. Depending on the solvent, this can be used in cannabis foods or topically applied.
Medical use
Medical marijuana refers to the use of the Cannabis plant as herbal therapy recommended by doctors as well as synthetic THC and kanabinoid. So far, the medical use of marijuana is only valid in a number of areas, including Canada, Belgium, Australia, the Netherlands, Spain, and many US states. This use generally requires recipes, and distribution is usually done within a framework determined by local law. There is evidence to support the use of marijuana or its derivatives in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea, neuropathic pain, and multiple sclerosis. Lower evidence levels support its use for AIDS wasting syndrome, epilepsy, rheumatoid arthritis, and glaucoma.
History
Cannabis is native to Central and South Asia, and its use for fabrics and ropes dates back to Neolithic times in China and Japan. It is unclear when cannabis was first known for its psychoactive nature; some scholars argue that the ancient Indian medicine soma, mentioned in the Vedas, is marijuana, although the theory is disputed.
Marijuana is also known by the ancient Assyrians, who discovered its psychoactive nature through Aryan. Using it in some religious ceremonies, they call it qunubu (meaning "how to produce smoke"), possibly the origin of the modern word "cannabis". The Aryans also introduced marijuana to the Scythians, Thracians, and Dacians, whose shaman (capnobatai - "those who walked over the clouds") burned marijuana flowers to cause trance.
Marijuana has an ancient history of ritual use and is found in cult pharmacology around the world. Flax seeds discovered by archaeologists in Pazyryk suggest early ceremonial practices such as eating by Scythians occurred during the 5th century through the 2nd century BC, confirming Historical reports earlier by Herodotus. It was used by Muslims in various Sufis as early as the Mamluk period, for example by Qalandars. Cigarette pipes are found in Ethiopia and circulate carbon around c. AD 1320 was found to have a marijuana trace.
After the 1836-1840 journey in North Africa and the Middle East, French physician Jacques-Joseph Moreau wrote about the psychological effects of using cannabis; Moreau is a member of Club des Hashischins Paris (founded in 1844). In 1842, Irish physician William Brooke O'Shaughnessy, who had studied the drug while working as a medical officer in Bengal with an East India company, brought some cannabis with him on his return to England, provoking renewed interest in the West. Examples of classic literary periods featuring marijuana include Les Paradis Artificiels (1860) by Charles Baudelaire and The Hasheesh Eater (1857) by Fitz Hugh Ludlow.
Cannabis is criminalized in various countries starting in the 19th century. The English colonies in Mauritius banned marijuana in 1840 because of concerns about its influence on the workers required by India; the same thing happened in British Singapore in 1870. In the United States, the first restriction on the sale of cannabis came in 1906 (in the District of Columbia). It was banned in Jamaica (later British colonies) in 1913, in South Africa in 1922, and in Britain and New Zealand in the 1920s. Canada criminalizes cannabis in the Drug and Drug Laws Act of 1923 before the report on drug use in Canada.
In 1925 a compromise was made at an international conference in The Hague on the International Opium Convention prohibiting the export of "Indian hemp" to countries prohibiting its use, and requiring importing countries to issue certificates approving imports and stating that shipments were required " for medical or scientific purposes ". It also requires parties to "exercise effective control over such traits to prevent international traffic off limits in Indian hemp and especially in resins". In the United States in 1937, the Marihuana Tax Law was passed, and banned the production of hemp other than marijuana.
In 1972, the Dutch government divided medicine into more and less dangerous categories, with cannabis being in the lower category. Thus, ownership of 30 grams or less is made a minor offense. Cannabis has been available for recreational use in coffee shops since 1976. Marijuana products are only sold openly at certain local "coffeeshops" and ownership of up to 5 grams for personal use has been decriminalized, however: the police may still confiscate it, which often occurs in automobile checks at near the border. Other types of sales and transportation are not allowed, although the general approach to marijuana is soft even before official decriminalization.
In Uruguay, President Jose Mujica signed a law to legalize recreational marijuana in December 2013, making Uruguay the first country in the modern era to legalize marijuana. In August 2014, Uruguay legalized growth of up to six plants at home, as well as the formation of a growing club, and a state-controlled dementia dispensation regime. After Justin Trudeau's 2015 election and the establishment of a Liberal government, by 2017 the House of Commons has passed a bill to legalize marijuana on July 1, 2018.
The United Nations World Drug Report states that marijuana "is the most widely produced, traded and consumed drug in the world in 2010", and is estimated to be between 128 million and 238 million users worldwide by 2015.
Society and culture
Legal status
Since the beginning of the 20th century, most countries have enacted laws against the cultivation, possession or diversion of marijuana. This law has an adverse effect on the cultivation of cannabis plants for non-recreational purposes, but there are many areas where, under certain circumstances, marijuana treatment is legal or licensed. Many jurisdictions have reduced the punishment for possession of marijuana in small amounts so punished by foreclosures and sometimes fines, not prisons, focusing more on those who trade drugs on the black market.
In some areas where cannabis use has been historically tolerated, new restrictions have been imposed, such as the closure of cannabis coffee shops near the Dutch border, and the closure of coffee shops near secondary schools in the Netherlands. In Copenhagen, Denmark in 2014, mayor Frank Jensen discussed the possibility for the city to legalize marijuana production and trade.
Some jurisdictions use free volunteer care programs and/or mandatory care programs for known users. Simple ownership can bring long prison sentences in some countries, especially in East Asia, where cannabis sales can lead to life imprisonment in prison or even execution. Political parties, nonprofit organizations, and causes based on legalized medical marijuana and/or legalization of the plant completely (with some restrictions) have emerged in countries such as China and Thailand.
In December 2012, the US state in Washington became the first country to officially legalize marijuana in state law (Washington Initiative 502) (but still illegal by federal law), with the Colorado state following behind (Colorado Amendment 64). On January 1, 2013, the first "club" marijuana to smoke personal marijuana (no purchase or sale, however) was allowed for the first time in Colorado. The California Supreme Court ruled in May 2013 that local authorities may ban medical drug marijuana despite state laws in California that allow the use of marijuana for medical purposes. At least 180 cities in California have imposed a ban in recent years.
In December 2013, Uruguay became the first country to legalize the growth, sale and use of marijuana. After a long delay in applying legal retail components, by 2017 sixteen pharmacies are authorized to sell cannabis commercially.
In November 2015, Uttarakhand became the first state in India to legalize hemp planting for industrial use.
On October 17, 2015, Australian Health Minister Sussan Ley presented a new law that would allow marijuana planting for scientific research and medical tests on patients. In December 2015, it was reported that the Canadian government had committed to legalizing marijuana, but at that time there was no time for legalization to be established.
Since drugs are increasingly seen as a health problem and not a criminal behavior, marijuana has also been ratified or decriminalized in: the Czech Republic, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Portugal, and Canada.
Usage
In 2013, between 128 and 232 million people used cannabis (2.7% to 4.9% of the global population between the ages of 15 and 65). Cannabis is by far the most widely used substance.
United States
Between 1973 and 1978, eleven countries decriminalized marijuana. In 2001 Nevada reduced the possession of marijuana to minor crimes and since 2012, several other states have decriminalized and even legalized marijuana.
By 2015, nearly half of people in the United States have tried marijuana, 12% have used it in the past year, and 7.3% have used it in the past month. By 2014, daily usage of marijuana among US college students has reached the highest level since records began in 1980, rising from 3.5% in 2007 to 5.9% in 2014 and has exceeded daily use of cigarettes.
In the US, men are twice as likely to use marijuana as women and children aged 18-29 are six times more likely to be used as over 65 years. By 2015, 44% of the US population has tried marijuana in their lives, up from 38% in 2013 and 33% in 1985.
Use of marijuana in the United States is three times above the global average, but in line with other Western democracies. 44% of American 12th graders have tried drugs at least once, and the typical age for first use is 16 years, similar to the age of first use for alcohol but lower than the age of first use for other drugs.
Economy
Production
It is often claimed by farmers and herbal marijuana growers whose advances in breeding and cultivation techniques have increased the pot potential of cannabis since the late 1960s and early 70s when THC was first discovered and understood. However, potent seedless marijuana such as "Thai rods" was available at the time. Sinsemilla (Spanish for "seedless") is a dried and seedless inflorescence of female cannabis plants. Because THC production decreases after pollination occurs, male plants (which produce small THCs themselves) are removed before they remove pollen to prevent pollination. Advanced cultivation techniques such as hydroponics, cloning, high intensity artificial illumination, and the green ocean method are often used in response (in part) to enforcement efforts that make outdoor cultivation more risky. It is often cited that the average level of THC in marijuana sold in the United States increased dramatically between the 1970s and 2000s, but such statements tend to tilt due to undue weight being given to a much more expensive and powerful but less common sample.
"Skunk" refers to some strong cannabis strains, which grow through selective and sometimes hydroponic breeding. This is a cross-breed of Cannabis sativa and C. indica (although other strains of this mixture are present in abundance). Potential skunks of skunks usually range from 6% to 15% and are rarely as high as 20%. The average THC level in coffee shops in the Netherlands is about 18-19%.
Price
The price or value of marijuana roads varies greatly depending on the geographic area and potential.
In the United States, hemp as a whole is the number four plant, and number one or two in many countries including California, New York and Florida, averaging $ 3,000 per pound ($ 6,600/kg). Some believe it generates about $ 36 billion market. Some argue that these estimates are methodologically flawed, and make unrealistic assumptions about the level of marijuana consumption. Another estimate claims to correct this defective claim that the market is between $ 2.1- $ 4.3 billion. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes claims in the 2008 World Drug Report that US retail prices are $ 10-15 per gram (about $ 280-420 an ounce). Street prices in North America are known to range from about $ 40- $ 400 per ounce ($ 1.4- $ 14/g), depending on quality.
The European Supervisory Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction reports that the typical retail price in Europe for marijuana varies from EUR2 to EUR 20 per gram, with most European countries reporting prices in the range of EUR4-10.
Drug Gateway
The Gateway hypothesis states that cannabis use increases the likelihood of attempting a "harder" drug. This hypothesis has been hotly debated because it is considered by some as the main reason for the US ban on the use of cannabis. The Pew Research Center poll found that political opposition to marijuana use was significantly related to concerns about health effects and whether legalization would increase marijuana use by children.
Some studies suggest that while there is no evidence for a gateway hypothesis, young cannabis users should still be considered a risk group for intervention programs. Other findings suggest that hard drug users tend to be drug users, and that interventions should address the use of some medications, not a hard drug. Almost two-thirds of poly-drug users in the 2009 Scottish Crime and Justice Survey use cannabis.
The gateway effect may arise due to social factors involved in illegal drug use. Due to the illegal status of marijuana, consumers tend to find themselves in situations that allow them to get acquainted with individuals using or selling other illegal drugs. Taking advantage of this argument some research suggests that alcohol and tobacco can also be considered a gateway drug; however, a more parsimonious explanation might be that marijuana is more readily available (and at an earlier age) than illegal hard drugs. In turn alcohol and tobacco are easier to obtain at an earlier point than the cannabis (though the reverse may be true in some areas), leading to the "gate sequence" in these individuals as they are most likely to experiment with whatever medication is offered..
An alternative to the gateway hypothesis is the general liability theory for addiction (CLA). It states that some individuals, for various reasons, are willing to try some recreational substances. Drug "gateways" are only medicines that are (usually) available at an earlier age than harder drugs. Researchers have noted in extensive reviews that it is dangerous to present the sequence of events described in the "theory" of gateways in terms of causes as these inhibit both research and intervention.
Research
Cannabis research challenges because the plant is illegal in most countries. Classroom drug research samples are difficult to obtain for research purposes, unless administered under national government authority.
There are also other difficulties in examining the effects of marijuana. Many people who smoke cannabis also smoke tobacco. This leads to confounding factors, where questions arise as to whether tobacco, marijuana, or both cause cancer. Another difficulty that researchers have is recruiting people who smoke cannabis into studies. Since cannabis is an illegal drug in many countries, people may be reluctant to take part in the study, and if they agree to take part, they may not say how much marijuana they actually smoke.
A review of 2015 found that the use of high CBD-to-THC marijuana strains showed significantly fewer positive symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations, better cognitive function and two lower risks for developing psychosis, as well as more disease-onset age slow. , compared with marijuana with a low CBD-to-THC ratio. The 2014 Cochrane Review found that research is insufficient to determine the safety and efficacy of using marijuana to treat schizophrenia or psychosis.
See also
- Occupational health problems of using cannabis
- US National estimates of marijuana use
Footnote
^ b: Ã, Source for this section and more information can be found in Medical marijuana articles
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References
External links
Media related to Cannabis on Wikimedia Commons
- Wiktionary Appendix from Cannabis Slang
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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